Interstate Long Distance Rates: Search Costs,Switching Costs,and Market Power

A number of authors have argued that the divestiture of AT & T did not reduce the rates of long distance telephone companies as often believed. However, the literature has offered few explanations as to why competition has not lowered rates. This study argues that rates have failed to fall due to the importance of search and switching costs in the industry. Using a panel data set of rates for the three largest long distance carriers, stretching from 1984 to 1993, a reduced form equation is specified to empirically test for the influence of search and switching costs on the price cost margin of the three carriers. The results illustrate that both search and switching costs have provided long distance carriers with market power.     

Search Costs, Lags and Prices at the Pump

Evidence is mounting that long lags and asymmetric price responses to changes in wholesale prices are characteristic of many retail markets. Although long lags are often attributed to search costs, little empirical evidence exists to support this claim. The analysis offered in this paper compares price responses in gasoline and diesel markets in 15 U.S. cities. Search costs vary across these two markets, and the evidence indicates a much faster response in the diesel market where search costs are lower. Asymmetric responses, where prices rise faster than they fall, are also evident in the data. While asymmetric responses have been attributed to oligopolistic behavior, the arguments presented in this paper point to search theory as an alternative explanation.     

Search Costs and Re-Employment Wage Gains for Displaced Workers

Involuntary job separation generally leads to lower re-employment wages. However, 20–30 percent of displaced workers experience re-employment wage gains. Theoretically, workers with higher search costs accept jobs when the marginal benefit of search is relatively high. When displaced, these workers experience wage gains because they are forced into additional search. Using data from the Displaced Worker Survey, we find that higher search costs (measured as the wage residual from the predisplacement job) are associated with higher re-employment wages.     

A Price Dispersion Equilibrium in a Spatially Differentiated Housing Market with Search Costs

An equilibrium model of search in a spatially differentiated rental housing market is formulated that predicts both rent dispersion and equilibrium vacancies. The equilibrium rent distribution is determined on the landlord's (rental supply) side given tenants' search strategies. Then tenants' optimal search strategy, denned by the share of the market a tenant searches, is determined given the costs and benefits of search and the distribution of landlords' rents. The equations of supply and demand for rental units are then combined to derive a costly information, free-entry Nash equilibrium in the market rents. Finally, the sensitivity of equilibrium vacancies and rents to changes in search costs and other exogenous parameters is explored.     

浅议质量成本的管理

阐述了质量成本的概念,指出企业进行质量成本管理的意义在于提高质量、降低成本、增加经济效益;对质量成本的内容进行了科学分类,提出进行质量成本管理的原则和程序;论述了如何通过"质量成本特性曲线示意图"这一直观的方法,来确定适宜的质量成本水平.指出,确定适宜的质量成本水平并结合企业实际确定适宜的质量水平,是讨论质量成本管理的根本意义所在;最后简要分析了如何进行质量成本的统计与计算、分析与控制,指出质量成本控制有助于质量成本管理目标的顺利实现.     

隐性质量成本初探

隐性质量成本对企业经营存在着潜伏性的危害,在企业管理中处于薄弱环节。文章阐述了隐性质量成本的涵义、特征和构成,剖析了隐性质量成本的产生原因,并从会计核算和管理体系两个方面提出了控制对策。     

Search Costs and Price Dispersion in a Localized,Homogeneous Product Market: Some Empirical Evidence

Convenience stores provide an opportunity to compare the price dispersion that occurs for gasoline, which is characterized by relatively low search and information costs to consumers, with that of in-store items, which are characterized by relatively high search and information costs to consumers. The results obtained from this study support the hypothesis that differences in search and information costs for consumers play a significant role in explaining the observed price dispersion that occurs for homogeneous items sold at convenience stores.     

加强设备投资决策研究促进设备资产结构优化

结合施工企业的现实情况,对设备投资决策研究对资产结构优化的意义和作用予以阐述,并对设备投资决策阶段的主要注意事项进行分析。     

深化体系运行追求管理实效努力探索适应发展需求的质量管理途径

随着市场经济的进一步完善 ,中国石油集团重组改制的不断深入 ,产品、工程和服务质量已经成为存续企业能否赢得市场主动权 ,取得生存发展空间的主题。大港油田集团公司始终坚持走质量效益型发展之路 ,全面强化了质量管理 ,取得了较好成效。2 0 0 1年 ,石油工程交付质量合格率 99.86 % ,石油机械产品出厂质量合格率保持 10 0 % ,出口创汇 5 0 0多万美元 ,多种经营企业主导产品合格率达到 95 %以上 ,市场信誉不断增强。实施目标管理 ,确保责任层层落实为了确保质量水平不断提高 ,依据大港油田集团公司《方针、目标和承诺管理程序》的要求 ,每…     

Bundling, Competition and Quality Investment: A Welfare Analysis

We investigate how bundling affects investment in product quality, and derive welfare implications. A monopolist in a primary market competes with a rival in a complementary market. Bundling is the monopolist’s preferred strategy, since it either extracts surplus from the rival’s investment, or forces the rival to provide low quality. Bundling may reduce welfare without foreclosing the rival, but improves welfare when preventing undesirable investment. Since prohibiting bundling is not appropriate, we introduce a price test for bundled offers that preserves efficiencies from both bundling and quality investment, thereby improving welfare relative to the ‘do-nothing’ scenario. We consequently argue that this test should be applied whenever possible.     

谈油田地面建设项目施工阶段质量与投资控制

针对油田地面建设工程项目施工中投资经常失控的现象,通过分析研究,认为要做好建设项目实施阶段投资控制工作,需做好项目实施阶段的前期准备工作;加强合同管理;加强现场变更、签证管理;正确处理投资控制与质量控制、进度控制之间的关系。只有各部门协调一致,才能达到有效控制投资的目的,将有限的资金管好、用好。     

企业对外直接投资对空气质量改善的影响

本文采用2009~2020年254个企业OFDI及所处城市空气污染数据进行研究,研究发现:(1)OFDI对空气污染的影响显著为负,即企业对外直接投资能够改善地区空气质量;(2)企业对外直接投资对空气质量的影响存在结构效应和技术效应,OFDI通过产业结构升级和技术进步等方式改善空气质量存在最优区间;(3)对外直接投资对国内环境的影响存在异质性,就东道国而言,对高度开放且环境规制程度良好的东道国进行投资能有效降低母国的空气污染水平;就母国而言,处于严重空气污染地区的非国有企业进行对外直接投资可使空气质量得到更显著的改善。     

Housing Costs and the Elderly

Estimates are made of changes in average housing costs and average family incomes for non-moving elderly homeowners and renters over the period 1972–80. Findings suggest that: rental costs are higher in each time period than are homeownership costs; evidence of serious deterioration in affordability of housing is weak, when looking at aggregate price/income ratios; and it is clear that elderly renters are more seriously disadvantaged in housing affordability than are elderly homeowners at every time period.     

公司治理质量、债务期限与投资效率——来自中国上市公司的证据

信息不对称和代理问题是引起公司非效率性投资的主要扭曲因素。基于我国经济转型的治理环境,文章以我国A股上市公司的2012～2014年数据为样本,探讨了公司治理质量、债务期限对公司投资效率的监督机制。研究发现,公司治理质量、短期债务有效改善相关方信息不对称和代理问题,从而提高投资效率,进一步地,公司治理和债务期限对公司投资效率的监督在一定程度上是一种替代机制,在公司治理质量高的公司里,短期债务对投资效率的作用减弱。     

The Fractal Structure of Real Estate Investment Trust Returns: The Search for Evidence of Market Segmentation and Nonlinear Dependency

This article presents a further test for market segmentation between the real estate market and the capital markets. We use rescaled range analysis developed in the fractal geometry literature to test for nonlinear trends in the returns series for different asset classes. We make three major conclusions: (1) the stock market displays tendencies consistent with a random walk, (2) portfolios of mortgage and equity REIT returns display tendencies consistent with a random walk and, (3) conditional upon the methods used, segmentation does not exist between different real estate markets and between the real estate and stock markets.     

商务成本研究综述与展望

近年来,主要城市商务成本都在不断地上升.这引起了国内外学者的关注和研究.本文主要回顾了商务成本研究的起源及其实践,商务成本不同的含义、构成因素及评价方法,商务成本与区域经济关系的研究等内容.目的在于推动商务成本理论规范化,并展望主要研究方向.     

Residential Investment, Non-residential Investment and GDP

We examine the causality and influence of residential and non-residential investment with respect to GDP and its components in a multivariate, vector autoregressive context, with some care devoted to the appropriate orthogonalization of the shocks which drive the various components of GDP. We find that residential investment shocks are more important in the determination of GDP than non-residential investment shocks.     

国际石油价格"感冒"了

石油价格一涨再涨 近期,伊拉克宣布已经停止南部油田的石油生产,国际油价再度攀升,今年平均每桶原油价格估计为37美元一38美元/桶,与去年28美元/桶的均价相比,每桶上涨达10美元.其中纽约商品交易所的原油期货价格一度达到每桶44.98美元.继而接近45美元.许多分析人士都认为,按照目前的趋势,油价在年内将突破每桶50美元大关.素有"经济血液"的石油价格一涨再涨将带来哪些连锁反应,成为业界关注的焦点.