中国沪市IPO抑价组成的实证研究

IPO抑价现象自被提出之日就受到了众多学者的关注,根据对IPO抑价组成的分析,我们认为IPO抑价应该包含故意抑价和由投资者非理性行为引起的抑价两部分。本文将利用随机前沿模型对中国IPO抑价的组成进行实证研究。     

The effect of firm financial characteristics and the availability of alternative finance on IPO underpricing

This article tests the hypothesis that the financial characteristics of the issuing firm, along with the availability of alternative sources of financing, are important determinants of the level of underpricing. While risk and its relationship to underpricing have been examined in previous studies, liquidity risk is unique because of its special implications for a firm’s bargaining position with the underwriter. Consistent with my hypothesis, firms with greater liquidity concerns at the IPO experience greater underpricing. On the other hand, firms with higher levels of venture capital funding and/or debt financing are more fully priced.     

地理位置对上市公司IPO抑价的影响——基于区域金融密度的实证研究

基于区域金融密度的视角研究地理位置对上市公司IPO抑价的影响问题。基于信息不对称理论和信息不对称假说,研究发现上市公司所在地的金融密度越高,上市公司IPO抑价越低。选取2006—2016年我国A股市场820家 IPO企业作为样本,构建了多元回归模型,经实证分析发现地理位置与上市公司IPO抑价之间呈显著的负相关关系,即高金融密度地区上市企业 IPO 抑价率要显著低于低金融密度地区上市企业的IPO抑价率。     

How Does Ambiguity Influence IPO Underpricing? The Role of the Signalling Environment

We explore the relationship between ambiguity, or low information clarity, in the IPO prospectus of newly public firms and their underpricing. Consistent with signalling theory, we find that IPO underpricing is low when the prospectus contains less ambiguous information that creates a more reliable signal conveying the quality of the IPO firm. However, the positive association between ambiguity and IPO underpricing is less pronounced when IPO firms display low strategic conformity with other firms in the industry, operate in industries with high valuation heterogeneity, or are medium‐sized. Using a sample of 398 IPOs between 1998 and 2007, our results support these predictions. This study shows the importance of the signalling environment influencing boundedly rational signal recipients interpreting ambiguous signals.     

风险资本对IPO抑价的影响——基于中国中小企业板上市公司的实证研究

本文以2004～2007年间在我国中小企业板上市的201家公司作为研究时象,运用差异性比较和多元回归分析,研究风险资本对IPO抑价的影响.研究结果表明,风险资本支持企业的IPO抑价率显著高于非风险资本支持的企业,但风险资本对IPO抑价没有显著相关关系,风险资本对IPO抑价影响的认证作用、筛选监督作用、逆向选择和躁动效应在我国并不存在.进一步分析表明风险资本支持企业的高抑价率来自二级市场投资者对其预期过分乐观,而非发行定价偏低.     

Accounting Scandals in IPO Firms: Do Underwriters and VCs Help?

We examine whether underwriter reputation, venture capitalist (VC) backing, and VC reputation are related to the probability that a newly public firm has serious accounting problems. Using a novel data set, we find that the probability of restatement by an initial public offering (IPO) firm is positively related to underwriter reputation and negatively related to VC backing, VC reputation, and VC maturity. Our results do not appear to be driven by the endogeneity of underwriter reputation or VC backing. Our findings suggest that while VCs positively influence the financial reporting quality of IPO firms, underwriters’ concerns about revenue generation outweigh their concerns about reputation.     

IPO performance and the size effect: Evidence for the US and Canada

This study provides new evidence on the interaction between firm size and IPO underpricing in the US and Canadian markets. We find a size effect on IPO underpricing in both Canada and the US, which is larger for Canadian firms. Canadian small firms show more underpricing than US small firms (19.32% vs. 13.87%). Large Canadian firms also exhibit more underpricing than their US counterparts over the sample period (12.83% vs. 10.09%). A size effect on performance is not apparent for holding periods beyond six months from the IPO in both countries, consistent with seasoning effects that reduce information asymmetries across firms over longer investment horizons.     

风险投资的政府背景对IPO的影响

中国的风险资本中政府资金一直占有较大比例,本文基于中小企业板数据研究政府背景风险投资对IPO抑价及IPO后收益是否有影响,实证结果发现政府背景风险投资对两者均没有显著影响.因此,政府不应过多地投资于风险投资,而应该完善风险投资的政策环境.     

承销商声誉与IPO企业质量关系的实证分析——基于我国A股市场的数据

本文采用三种不同的标准衡量我国承销商声誉,运用我国A股发行市场的数据分别从企业财务指标、承销IPO的风险和IPO长期回报这三个方面,对承销商声誉与发行企业质量之间的关系进行了实证分析。结果发现:理论上得出的承销商声誉与IPO企业质量之间的正相关关系在我国并不存在,说明投资者通过承销商声誉等级来区分发行企业质量的信号甄别机制在我国证券发行市场基本不存在,我国承销商的信息生产功能和认证中介职能严重缺位。     

IPO高抑价之谜：“租金分配观”还是“定价效率观”？——基于2005—2012年数据

对中国IPO极高的抑价现象存在两种不同的解释——“定价效率观”和“租金分配观”。以2005—2012年A股IPO公司作为样本,对这两种观点进行检验,结果表明：“租金分配观”只在2005—2008年成立,在2009—2012年不成立;“定价效率观”则能更好地解释2005年实施询价配售制度以来中国IPO抑价率的变化。     

异常审计费用、审计质量与IPO定价——基于A股市场的分析

以A股市场2006—2012年IPO公司为研究对象,探讨异常审计费用与审计质量的相关性及其在IPO定价中的作用。结果发现：对全样本,异常审计费用与IPO抑价水平显著负相关,与可操纵性应计利润的绝对值和股票上市后的长期市场表现不相关;当考虑异常审计费用的方向时,正的异常审计费用与IPO抑价水平、可操纵性应计利润的绝对值显著负相关,与股票上市后的长期市场表现显著正相关,而负的异常审计费用与三者的相关性均不显著。这表明作为会计师事务所努力程度的体现,正的异常审计费用不会损害审计质量,相反在一定程度上能提升审计质量。因此,监管部门应更多地关注审计收费不足所存在的风险。     

中国H股市场IPO抑价现象实证研究

文章通过多元回归模型考察了H股IPO抑价的影响因素。研究发现,H股IPO抑价程度受以下三个因素的显著影响:一级市场超额认购倍数、二级市场的市场收益率以及公司绩效。其中一级市场的超额认购倍数的影响力最大,体现了H股IPO市场化的特征。文章的结论还表明,逆向选择理论与信号传递模型在H股市场上有一定的适用性。     

Donating Money to Get Money: The Role of Corporate Philanthropy in Stakeholder Reactions to IPOs

This study examines how stakeholders' investment time horizons interact with information about corporate giving in initial public offering (IPO) firms. Specifically, we build a model that explains how corporate philanthropy affects IPO performance. We find that at the IPO‐preparation stage, corporate giving is negatively related to underwriter prestige, venture capital investment, and IPO financing costs. We also find that at the IPO‐issuance stage, negative media coverage of IPOs moderates the U‐shaped relationship between corporate giving and market premiums. At the IPO‐trading stage, we find that corporate giving only positively influences the market premiums for IPO firms that are the subject of negative media reports. Our findings contribute to the signalling theory by showing how various stakeholders interpret the same signals differently, and they have implications for understanding how the relationship between corporate philanthropy and corporate financial performance materializes in the IPO markets.     

Heterogeneous relationship between IPO return and risk across idiosyncratic variance characteristics

This paper analyzes the levels and changes in the post-IPO stock return volatility and provides insights into market responses to the presence of firm-specific risk. First, we document a negative relation between initial idiosyncratic volatility level and the post-IPO volatility change in that initially low volatility firms have more volatility increase and vice verse. This evidence suggests fundamental firm-specific changes after the IPO. Further, we find that underpricing and short-run post-IPO returns are positively related to the initial and corresponding idiosyncratic risk level. This finding suggests that underpricing compensates investors for acquiring costly information and firm-specific risk information is being incorporated into offer prices. Finally, we find that higher long-run post-IPO performance is related to both lower initial risk level and decreasing risk in the first year after the IPO.     

Early internet IPOs versus subsequent entrants

This paper examines whether investors in early Internet IPOs earned superior returns to those who invested in later entrants. We document three differences between early public firms in a new Internet technology and their followers: underpricing, operating characteristics at the IPO, and stock price performance after the IPO. We find that there is value in going public relatively early in a new Internet technology. Specifically, long-term returns are significantly higher for the early entrants. We also find evidence, consistent with previous studies that examine hot IPO markets, that the early public firms have better operating characteristics at the IPO than later entrants.     

Underpricing and IPO ownership retention

An agency-theory model of IPO management retention is presented and empirically explored. The model is based upon the differences between the investment public’s and underwriters’ fears of the consequences of management entrenchment and other agency problems. The model suggests that IPO underpricing should be a curvilinear hump-shaped function of retention. A large-sample empirical exploration verifies the curvilinear relation.     

IPO mechanism selection by using Classification and Regression Trees

The Turkish IPO market gives issuers and underwriters a choice of three different IPO selling mechanisms. The current paper sheds new light on the determinants of these issue procedures within the context of the following methods (i) book building mechanism, (ii) fixed price offer, and (iii) sale through the stock exchange. Most of the empirical models in the IPO literature use binary probit and logit models to determine the factors behind the choice of one method over another and try to answer the question of “why is such a mechanism chosen”. To understand the reasons on issuers’ selection of IPO mechanism, we have conducted a Classification and Regression Trees (CART) methodology to represent decision rules in a form of binary trees. Our results indicate that, CART methodology predicts a firms’ IPO selling mechanism with 77.42% accuracy. The most important variable that determines the IPO selling mechanism is the Arrangement Type between the issuer and the underwriter as in the form of best effort and firm-commitment.     

A tax-based motive for the underpricing of initial public offerings

This paper presents a model of entrepreneurial wealth maximization for the pricing of initial public offerings (IPOs). It is an extension of one previously presented in the literature. The model shows that personal tax rates on ordinary income and capital gains may, in part, determine IPO pricing: an increase in the capital gains tax rate should lower the degree of underpricing. An empirical analysis of the effect of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, which raised the capital gains tax rate, shows that the average degree of underpricing did decrease as predicted, and that this occurs after controlling for other possible influences.     

Underwriter reputation and IPO issuer alignment 1981–2005

We examine the long-term performance and characteristics of firms that went public from 1981 to 2005. We find that long-run returns declined and the proportion of failed and failing firms increased with underwriter reputation. The IPOs marketed by the more reputable underwriters were more likely to fail or be failing in the post-1980s period, but were still better than those of less reputable counterparts. The characteristics of the firms marketed by the more reputable underwriters did not appear to change substantially from decade to decade. We conclude that external market forces rather than conscious changes by underwriters caused the shift in the relation between failure rates and underwriter reputation from the 1980s to the subsequent period. We also find the “flip” in relationship between underwriter reputation and initial IPO return identified in the literature disappears after controlling for additional factors.     

Initial public offerings by mutual thrifts: The regulatory impact

This study analyzes the abnormal returns from a sample of 311 mutual thrift IPOs to investigate the presence of deliberate underpricing and to measure the impact of the changing regulatory environment. The large initial returns are maintained over the following year, indicating deliberate underpricing. Cross-sectional regressions show that the adjusted returns are positively related to the percentage of insiders participating in the IPO and to the size of the conversion. The adjusted returns significantly decrease after regulations are tightened, and there is a rapid rise in adjusted returns when uncertainty is introduced relating to the actual impact of these regulations. (JEL G280)