中国资本账户开放排序的国际借鉴

本文主要讨论了新兴市场国家的资本账户开放情况,重点考察了资本账户内部项目的开放次序。首先对现有资本账户开放的内部排序理论进行了初步的归纳,其次简要介绍了中国资本账户开放的现状,最后提出了一些政策性建议。     

中国资本账户开放的有关思考

资本账户开放已成为全球金融一体化一个事实,开放资本账户也是中国自身经济发展的客观要求。但一直以来对资本账户开放持支持与反对的观点均有。中国资本账户开放面临的一个直接而首要的问题,就是国际资本流入流出中国资本市场的数量、速度大不同于以往。证券投资成为最显著的不同于资本账户开放前的一种国际流动资本在中国境内的资本活动形式。     

资本账户开放是大势所趋

2月24日,中国人民银行发布重要报告《我国加快资本账户开放的条件基本成熟》,提出了我国开放资本账户的明确时间表和路线图。报告的核心内容包括：其一,资本账户开放总体利大于弊;其二,积极推进资本账户开放是我国经济发展内在要求;其三,资本账户开放风险基本可控;其四,优化资本账户开放途径,降低开放风险。     

人民币资本账户开放的改革顺序研究——基于TVP-VAR模型的期限结构分析

人民币国际化的改革目标要求中国在综合考虑金融改革的背景下,统筹安排资本账户的开放顺序。文章通过运用时变参数向量自回归模型(TVP-VAR),实证配套金融改革之间的影响关系与宏观影响。研究结果显示,利率及汇率改革会显著增强跨境资本流动对货币价值的冲击,因此资本账户开放不宜置于改革末期。综合三项改革的影响作用,在以宏观稳定为首要目标、经济持续增长为次要目标的情况下,研究结论认为"利率市场化——资本账户部分开放——汇率市场化——资本账户完全开放"是最适宜人民币资本账户开放的改革顺序。     

人民币资本账户开放的改革顺序研究——基于TVP-VAR模型的期限结构分析北大核心CSSCISSCI

人民币国际化的改革目标要求中国在综合考虑金融改革的背景下,统筹安排资本账户的开放顺序。文章通过运用时变参数向量自回归模型(TVP-VAR),实证配套金融改革之间的影响关系与宏观影响。研究结果显示,利率及汇率改革会显著增强跨境资本流动对货币价值的冲击,因此资本账户开放不宜置于改革末期。综合三项改革的影响作用,在以宏观稳定为首要目标、经济持续增长为次要目标的情况下,研究结论认为"利率市场化——资本账户部分开放——汇率市场化——资本账户完全开放"是最适宜人民币资本账户开放的改革顺序。     

资本账户开放对就业的门槛效应研究

文章通过理论机制分析认为,资本账户开放通过经济增长、通货膨胀和经常账户波动三个渠道对一国的就业率产生影响。鉴于此,文章使用多门槛面板回归模型,对66个样本国家进行多层嵌套分组并分析了不同类型国家资本账户开放与就业的非线性关系。研究发现:首先,资本账户开放对就业确实存在门槛效应,且在人均GDP水平、通胀水平和经常账户余额三个门槛变量上都存在显著的双门槛效应;其次,资本账户开放对就业的影响与经常账户余额之间呈现非单调的关系;最后,不同类型国家资本账户开放的就业效应存在显著差异,为了提高就业率,一些新兴经济体可以适当推进资本项目的开放,对于部分发达国家应当加强对跨境资本流动的管制,而我国则应在逐步放开资本账户的同时维持经常账户的盈余以及深化金融市场的发展。     

资本账户开放对就业的门槛效应研究北大核心CSSCISSCI

文章通过理论机制分析认为,资本账户开放通过经济增长、通货膨胀和经常账户波动三个渠道对一国的就业率产生影响。鉴于此,文章使用多门槛面板回归模型,对66个样本国家进行多层嵌套分组并分析了不同类型国家资本账户开放与就业的非线性关系。研究发现:首先,资本账户开放对就业确实存在门槛效应,且在人均GDP水平、通胀水平和经常账户余额三个门槛变量上都存在显著的双门槛效应;其次,资本账户开放对就业的影响与经常账户余额之间呈现非单调的关系;最后,不同类型国家资本账户开放的就业效应存在显著差异,为了提高就业率,一些新兴经济体可以适当推进资本项目的开放,对于部分发达国家应当加强对跨境资本流动的管制,而我国则应在逐步放开资本账户的同时维持经常账户的盈余以及深化金融市场的发展。     

资本账户开放程度测算指标研究：一个文献综述

对资本账户开放程度的准确测度是相关经验研究和决策分析的起点和前提。资本账户开放事关我国经济全局系统性风险。从法规和事实角度，归纳和对比了国内外测度资本账户开放的指标，对于挖掘不同指标的构建过程，正确判断资本账户开放形势，引导资本账户向着有利于我国经济发展方向开放有积极的现实意义。     

资本账户开放对商业银行风险的影响研究——来自新兴经济体的经验证据

资本账户开放对一国宏观经济至关重要。文章总结了资本账户开放影响商业银行风险的财富与估值效应、周期效应、道德风险效应和竞争效应,利用2011-2017年期间22个新兴经济体111家商业银行的微观数据,构建动态面板广义矩估计（GMM）模型实证检验了资本账户开放对商业银行风险的影响,并且进行了异质性检验。实证结果显示：（1）资本账户开放与商业银行风险呈正U型关系。（2）资本越雄厚、规模越大的商业银行抵抗资本账户开放影响的能力越强。为避免银行体系风险的过度积累,政府应考虑银行业资本充足情况与宏观经济情况,不断探索宏观审慎工具,合理安排资本账户开放程度。     

浅议我国资本账户的开放

资本账户开放在促进一国经济增长、分散风险和促进货币国际化方面具有重要作用,但同时也可能造成金融安全问题。中美贸易摩擦对我国资本账户开放提出了新的挑战,我国也在遏制摩擦带来的冲击同时,稳定审慎有序地推动资本账户开放的进程。     

Pain or Gain? Chinese Experience of Capital Account Liberalization

The neoclassical growth model predicts that capital account liberalization could potentially enhance economic performance; however, there is no consistent empirical evidence to support this positive association. Using a novel dataset of Chinese capital account openness, this paper demonstrates a positive relationship between capital account liberalization and aggregate economic performance. The difference‐indifferences method is used to capture the causal effect of capital account liberalization on economic performance by taking advantage of variations in both external financial dependence and the progress of capital account openness. We investigate three channels that could strengthen this positive relationship using a firm‐level dataset. We find that capital account liberalization could: (i) alleviate the degree of resource misallocation, and this effect is more significant in industries relying heavily on external finance and in regions with more favorable business environments; (ii) enhance firms’ total factor productivity; and (iii) promote innovation. Our findings suggest that a strategy of gradual openness will leave some leeway not only for improvement in domestic markets but also to mitigate exposure to unfavorable global shocks.     

How would Capital Account Liberalization Affect China＇s Capital Flows and the Renminbi Real Exchange Rates？

In this paper we study the determinants of gross capital flows, project the size of China's international investment position in 2020, and analyze the implications for the renminbi real exchange rate if China liberalizes the capital account. We assume in this exercise that the renminbi will have largely achieved capital account convertibility by the end of the current decade, a timetable consistent with recent proposals by the People's Bank of China. Our analysis shows that if the capital account were liberalized, China's gross international investment position would grow significantly, and inflows and outflows would become much more balanced. The private sector would turn its net liability position into a balanced position, and the official sector would reduce its net asset position significantly, relative to the country's GDP. Because of the increasing importance of private sector foreign claims and the decreasing importance of official foreign reserves, China would be able to earn higher net investment income from abroad. Overall, China would continue to be a net creditor, with the net foreign asset position as a share of GDP remaining largely stable through this decade. These findings suggest that the renminbi real exchange rate would not be particularly sensitive to capital account liberalization as capital flows are expected to be two‐sided. The renminbi real exchange rate would likely be on a path of moderate appreciation as China is expected to maintain a sizeable growth differential with its trading partners.     

Robust Monetary Framework for China

I. Introduction China has made tremendous gains in terms of economic growth in the last 15 years, by inviting foreign direct investment and increasing manufacturing production and exports. The currency unification (devaluation of the official rate and unification of the official and market rates) in 1994 also contributed to the efficiency in the monetary and foreign exchange systems. China was not severely affected by the Asian currency crisis of 1997–1998, and instead China helped the regio…     

Nonlinear Capital Flow Tax: Capital Flow Management and Financial Crisis Prevention in China

How to promote capital account liberalization while preventing financial crises is a challenging task for policymakers. This study proposes a nonlinear (progressive) capital flow tax as a solution. We first demonstrate that the collateral requirement of international borrowing can give rise to multiple equilibria and self‐fulfilling financial crises. We then show that the crisis equilibrium characterized by large exchange rate depreciation, capital flight and welfare loss can be eliminated by imposing a nonlinear (progressive) tax scheme on capital outflows with the marginal tax rate increasing with the size of individual capital outflows. The implementation of such a tax scheme in China is also discussed.     

论人民币资本账户可兑换的收益与风险

本文通过对人民币资本账户可兑换的收益和风险进行了分析和研究,认为现阶段其风险大于收益,激进式实现是不可取的,但从长远来讲,人民币资本账户可兑换是中国经济和金融进入全球化的内在要求,应该继续平稳地推进人民币资本账户可兑换的进程。     

资本账户开放风险与对策研究

伴随着经济金融全球化推进,资本账户开放已成为一个国家在推动经济发展和强化对外交流中不可或缺的关键环节。但资本账户开放往往也会给开放国的金融秩序、货币汇率、对外贸易造成一定风险和挑战。本文指出资本账户开放可能导致开放国短期宏观经济过热、投机资本过度涌入等问题,并有针对性地提出保持稳定连续的宏观经济政策、实行富有弹性的汇率政策等对策。     

资本账户开放的门槛效应及路径研究

文章基于70个国家面板数据,实证检验了开放资本账户的增长效应。研究结果表明,资本账户开放具有国别差异,高收入国家开放资本账户的增长效应显著大于中低收入国家。在引入制度质量、货币政策、财政政策、对外开放度和金融发展5个初始条件指标建立动态门槛模型,研究发现,资本账户开放对经济增长的影响是非线性的,初始条件较低时资本账户开放不利于经济增长,当初始条件越过门槛值后,资本账户开放表现出积极的增长效应。结合跨境资本异质性和门槛效应,进一步发现开放直接投资的门槛最低,经济效应最大;开放债务投资的门槛最高,经济效应最小;开放股权投资的门槛效应介于前二者之间。经验分析为中国资本账户开放条件以及路径提供了参考。     

National and regional financial openness in China

While China’s economy has been subject to a wide range of economic reforms since 1978, its capital account is still restricted. The issue of capital account convertibility is widely debated both in China and by foreign observers. This study contributes to the understanding of China’s capital account by constructing new indices for China’s financial openness. First, we construct alternative indices, both of which suggest that China has experienced significant increases in its financial openness, albeit beginning at very low levels in the late 1970s. Then, we construct an index for financial openness at the provincial level from 2000. As expected, the eastern provinces exhibit much higher levels of financial openness than the provinces located in the central and western parts of the country. Taken together, these indices enable a clear overview of national and regional financial openness across time and are well suited for future studies on determinants and effects of financial openness in China.     

资本项目开放进程中人民币汇率制度选择

文章指出积极稳妥推进人民币资本项目开放是人民币汇率改革循序渐进的内在要求,也是经济金融市场改革和经济发展的必然趋势。当前,人民币资本项目开放与汇率制度有着紧密的内在联系,更加开放的资本项目需要更加灵活的汇率制度,包括短期的汇率目标制和中长期的有管理的真正的浮动汇率制度。