Reducing tax receipt volatility in a developing country

This paper reports on a study that examines how tax revenue instability can be minimized by a developing country. The empirical analysis employed in the study identifies a combination of taxes that can be used to obtain both an acceptable rate of growth and the minimum variability of receipts for that rate of growth in revenues. An analysis of empirical results demonstrates how a government can have a growing, but relatively stable tax structure.     

UK Forecast in Detail

The pace of deficit reduction has continued to disappoint against a relatively healthy economic backdrop. Structural changes in the labour market and income tax receipts auger against a dramatic improvement in 2015. Longer‐term, the implausibility of spending cuts implied by current fiscal plans points to borrowing continuing to run ahead of official expectations…     

UK Forecast in detail

On the face of it, recent public sector net borrowing numbers suggest that the Government's deficit reduction ambitions are stalling, with borrowing higher than last year despite a more favourable economic backdrop. But the underlying picture is less gloomy, with the recent disappointing numbers largely due to the comparison with the early part of fiscal year 2013–14, when revenues had been temporarily boosted by receipts from the Swiss Capital Tax and by high earners deferring income from the previous tax year to take advantage of the reduction in the top rate of income tax…     

Forecast in detail

Recent months have seen a significant shift in the UK fiscal backdrop. Statistical changes have caused a significant upward revision to the level of borrowing last year, while muted growth in tax receipts and faster‐than‐expected rises in public spending have pushed up the deficit in 2019–20 to date. Moreover, the political climate has shifted against austerity, with both Conservative and Labour party pledges implying a rising deficit for the foreseeable future.     

Forecast in detail

The scale of fiscal support to the economy since the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, and the plunge in tax receipts triggered by action to contain the virus, have driven up public sector borrowing to wartime proportions. But with demand for UK government debt high, helped by an expansion of asset purchases by the Bank of England, financing the extra debt is taking place under very favourable conditions.     

A quantitative view on policymakers’ goal,institutions and tax evasion

We develop a general theoretical model to compare two different policymakers both facing tax evasion. Policymakers differs in that they aim to maximize either the fiscal revenues ( $T$ ) as in a social-democracy as, e.g., Sweden, or the GDP as in a capitalistic country as, e.g., the USA. Both Bureaus can manoeuvre the tax rate and the share of tax receipts spent to fight the tax evasion rather than to increase the public capital. Our model merges the indications of two distinct, and sometimes conflicting, approaches to the analysis of tax evasion in that reconciling them. We also find that the feedbacks between the private and public sector are linked to some Laffer-type relationships usually unexplored by the existing literature. As compared to capitalistic systems, then, our results show that social-democracies end up imposing higher tax rates and, possibly, more pervasive regulations. Consequently, they are likely to suffer from larger tax-evasion-to-GDP ratios. This notwithstanding, social-democracies spend relatively more to contrast tax dodgers. On the other hand, $T$ -maximizing governments have better institutional settings and greater employment rates. Whichever the preferred target, however, no policymaker is able to erase totally the tax evasion, which may explain why this latter is so pervasive and persistent even among the richest countries.     

财政税收对市场经济发展的影响探究

在我国经济不断发展的过程中,税收工作随着市场经济的发展不断完善,已经逐渐影响到人们生活的方方面面,而且在发展过程中已经被广大人民以及企业所接受。我国税收已经从财政收入职能向收入与经济增长协同共进方向转变,这种功能性的变化是税收为了适应当前市场经济而做出的调整,对于我国现代化发展有着不可估量的作用。因此,论文重点围绕财政税收与市场经济发展之间的关系进行论述。     

Tax morale: Framing and fairness

Tax morale has been a focus of academics and policy makers for some time. The measurement of individuals’ tax morale is subjective, and various proxies have been employed in qualitative and quantitative research. The framing of these measures has been considered in some research with respect to equivalency or goal framing, but the underlying implication of emphasis framing in commonly used proxies has yet to be considered. Further, although fairness and financial literacy have been considered determinants of tax morale, no one has yet considered whether financial and tax literacy (FTL) has a moderating effect on fairness and tax morale.This research addresses these gaps in the literature. The findings suggest that questions and scenarios posed by academics and policy makers should consider positive, negative, and emphasis framing, as well as the moderating effect of the respondents’ FTL to measure individuals’ tax morale effectively. The findings also suggest that raising levels of FTL could have a double dividend: not only will improved FTL have a positive impact on tax morale, but it might be magnified through the impact of fairness. These findings hold only when morale is determined by negatively framed scenarios. In particular, the perceived fairness of the tax system enhances tax morale when FTL is high, whereas the perception of fairness has no effect on tax morale for respondents with lower levels of FTL.     

土地出让金制度应该保留--房地产税改革的一点建议

我国房地产税制的改革已经启动，在土地出让金该不该计入物业税按年征收的问题上，学术界争议很大。本文通过深入分析，从税理、经济学原理等方面证明了土地出让金不应该包括在物业税中按土地承租年限征收，应该维持目前的土地出让金制度，在土地出让的同时征收。     

铁路物流企业开展仓单质押业务的研究

介绍了仓单质押的相关特性及国内外开展仓单质押的现状,对铁路物流企业开展仓单质押业务进行了系统地分析,并提出了具体要求与风险防范内容。     

Rate of return analysis and economies of scale in higher education

This paper presents the results of a study of the rate of return on undergraduate education at the University of Bradford, United Kingdom, and compares them with returns calculated independently for the U.K. university system as a whole. Rates of return are measured for separate undergraduate courses and considerable variation is shown, courses in science and technology generally having lower return because of their higher costs. Private returns to the individual graduate are shown to be substantially greater than those to society as a whole. The government's return, in the form of increased tax receipts is shown to be positive. Further results demonstrate increasing marginal rates of return to society as a result of the economies of scale associated with the expansion of enrolment planned for the decade 1971–1981. The problems involved in projecting rates of return into the future are considered.The paper is directed to teachers and students of the economics of education.     

论个人所得税存在的问题及改革方向

我国自1980年开征个人所得税以来,特别是1994年新的“个人所得税法”颁布实施以来,个人所得税呈大幅度增长趋势,在税收中所占的比重也逐年提高,现今已经成为我国的第四大税种。但是随着我国市场经济体制的深入发展,居民收入水平的明显提高,个人所得税税制本身和征管中都存在和暴露了一些问题,对其进行改革已经势在必行。文中对我国现行个人所得税税制本身和征管中存在的一些问题进行探讨,并提出相应的改革思路。     

中国横向税收竞争如何影响雾霾污染——基于环保支出中介效应的研究

分税制改革以来,省级政府间税收竞争激化带来的环境污染问题正在逐步凸现。在此背景下,首先从理论层面分析了税收竞争、环保支出及雾霾污染的关系,并提出假说;其次建立空间杜宾模型测度了税收竞争对雾霾污染的直接效应、间接效应和总效应,并利用中介效应方法实证检验了税收竞争通过环保支出对雾霾污染的作用路径。研究结果表明,税收竞争显著加剧了本地区雾霾污染,但是其间接效应和总效应并不显著;此外,环保支出是税收竞争影响雾霾污染的一个主要中介变量。     

仓单质押贷款业务发展的操作方案与风险控制研究

通过对仓单质押业务发展状况的总结和对其潜在风险的因素分析,从促进业务发展和防范风险的角度,对我国仓单质押业务的操作方案和风险控制进行了研究。根据图形分解法和逻辑分析法,总结出了两种仓单质押业务的操作方案,提出了防范业务风险的具体措施。分析结果表明,仓单质押能够实现多方共赢,标准化的业务操作方案能够控制风险。     

IMPLEMENTING PROPERTY TAX REFORM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: Lessons from the Property Tax in Indonesia1

Indonesia is currently undergoing a major property tax reform. The reform has been undertaken in two steps. First, a new Land and Building Tax was enacted in 1986. This new law dramatically simplified the property tax structure and replaced seven different land-related taxes. Second, the Government initiated a major institutional exercise to strengthen property tax administration. This resulted in a major reorganization of the tax department, the adoption of a “collection-led” implementation strategy, and the introduction of an innovative payment point collection system (SISTEP). Since the enactment of these legal and institutional reforms, property tax revenues have increased dramatically from Rp.154 billion in 1985/86 to over Rp.900 billion in 1991/92. Collection efficiency has improved and enforcement activities have resulted in a historic property seizure for property tax delinquency in October 1991. This paper analyzes the results of the Indonesian property tax reform and identifies lessons for developing countries interested in strategically implementing property tax reform.     

NONLINEAR GROWTH EFFECTS OF TAXATION: A SEMI‐PARAMETRIC APPROACH USING AVERAGE MARGINAL TAX RATES

One of the major challenges of empirical tax research is the identification and calculation of appropriate tax data. While there is consensus that average marginal tax rates are most suitable for studying the effects of tax policy on economic growth, because of data limitations the calculation of marginal tax rates has been limited to the USA and the UK. This paper provides calculations of average marginal tax rates for the four Scandinavian countries using the methodologies of Seater (1982, 1985) and Barro and Sahasakul (1983, 1986). Then, by pooling the newly calculated tax rates for the Scandinavian countries with the data for the USA and the UK, we investigate the effects of tax policy shocks on the per capita GDP growth rate. Our results suggest that an increase in average marginal tax rates has a negative impact on economic growth. Employing additive mixed panel models with penalized splines as estimation approach, we show that changes in tax rates have nonlinear effects. Increasing average marginal tax rates turn out to be the most distorting at relatively moderate tax rates. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

外商投资企业避税问题及对策

外资对中国经济发展的贡献有目共睹,但外商投资企业的税收漏洞及带来的各种问题日益严重,文章针对外商投资企业避税问题,分析了外商投资企业避税的成因、表现形式和危害,结合反避税工作实践提出了解决外商投资企业避税问题的方法和对策建议。     

Firm-level determinants of tax evasion in transition economies

Business tax evasion is an important issue for governments. Yet the factors that determine business tax evasion have not been sufficiently examined in the literature in general, and in transition contexts in particular. To address this gap, this study uses the WB/EBRD Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) database with a sample of over 12,692 firms from 26 transition economies. Applying various modelling strategies, we argue that tax evasion is a function of firm-level and institutional-level variables. We contribute to the literature by providing robust evidence showing that the perceived tax burden has a positive impact on tax evasion. We also find that the tax evasive behaviour of firms is positively influenced by low trust in government and in the judicial system as well as by higher perceptions of corruption and higher compliance costs. We find that smaller firms, individual businesses and firms in sectors that are less visible to the tax administration are more likely to get involved in evasive behaviour. Overall, institutional factors play an important role in determining firms’ tax evasion behaviour in transition economies. This finding has important policy implications.     

THE 1981 BUDGET

In this Forecast Release we examine the short-term prospects for the UK economy in the light of the Budget and other developments. Compared with our February forecast the Budget has raised taxes by about £2 bn but it has also increased public expenditure by a similar amount The net effect on the PSBR, compared with our February forecast, is therefore small, especially if the Treasury's estimates for nationalised industry profits and/or public sector wages prove over-optimistic. We therefore believe that the outturn for the PSBR in 1981-82 could be close to the figure of £12 bn presented in our last forecast.
We also believe that the prospects for output and inflation are little changed The Budget by itself will have raised prices by about 1 per cent compared with our previous forecast but because we had probably over-estimated indirect tax receipts, the net effect on prices is small For output, the likely reduction in consumers' expenditure is more or less offset by higher public spending. We continue to expect a fall in output between 1980 and 1981 of 1–11/2 per cent, inflation during the year at about 10 per cent, a current account surplus of £3 bn, monetary growth of 8 to 9 per cent and a PSBR of £12 bn.     

AHP在仓单质押指标体系权值确定的研究

仓单质押业务目前是中小型企业进行融资的一创新性业务,可以为企业解决资金上的困难。但新型业务的开展面临许多的风险,如何规避风险是对仓单质押研究的一个热点和难点。文中旨在通过分析仓单质押业务及业务流程,阐述仓单质押所面临的风险因素,建立指标体系,通过层次分析法(AHP)得出各个指标所在整个指标体系中的权重,分析各个因素的重要程度,为仓单质押风险评估提供良好的依据。