创新能力、所有权优势与中国企业 海外市场进入模式选择

市场进入模式是企业战略研究领域的一大核心主题。本文关注企业微观因素与东道国宏观因素对中国企业外国市场进入模式选择的影响。本文的结论是：创新能力强与国际化经验丰富的中国企业选择绿地新建模式进入外国市场的可能性较大;规模经济突出且所有权优势明显的中国企业选择并购模式的可能性大。规模经济突出和所有权优势明显的中国企业,选择合资模式进入外国市场的可能性大。在选择外国市场进入模式时,中国跨国公司较少考虑文化距离、政府治理水平以及基础设施等约束和激励因素;同时,规模效用和所有权优势而非创新能力与国际化经验始终发挥着重要的影响力。这可能是导致中国跨国公司“大而不强”、国际化竞争优势不足的重要原因。     

对入世后汽车业跨国公司进入方式选择的分析

入世后，汽车关税水平的大幅下降使在中国市场上大量进口销售外国生产的汽车成为可能。这直接影响到跨国公司对出口和直接投资两种进入方式的选择。中国入世后汽车业的直接投资是否会被贸易所替代而减少呢?本文将在阐述进入方式选择的影响因素与模式的基础上对入世后汽车业跨国公司进入方式的选择进行分析。     

东道国金融发展与中国对外直接投资模式选择

本文使用多值选择模型，考察了东道国金融发展对中国对外直接投资模式选择的影响。结果表明：第一，东道国金融发展水平越高，中国企业越倾向于以合资或并购的方式进行投资；对金融发展水平较低的经济体，中国企业倾向于绿地新建投资。第二，异质性分析表明，对金融市场发展水平越低的发达经济体，中国企业越倾向于选择并购和合资模式投资，反之则选择绿地新建模式投资；对金融发展水平越高的非发达经济体，中国企业越倾向于选择并购和合资模式投资。对金融发展水平、金融机构发展水平和金融市场发展水平越高的国家，收益越高的上市公司越倾向于并购的投资模式；相反，则越倾向于绿地新建模式。第三，互联网发展和制度质量对东道国金融发展水平影响中国对外直接投资有一定调节效应。为进一步推动中国企业“走出去”,中国企业在进行跨境投资时要密切关注东道国的金融发展情况；中国要进一步完善金融基础设施，包括加强金融监管、提升金融服务水平、推进金融创新等方面，以加强与东道国的金融合作，为中国企业对外投资提供金融支持；应根据东道国信息通信技术建设情况和制度发展水平，制定相应的投资政策。     

跨国公司拓展国际市场战略模式研究及其启示

伴随着世界经济的风云万变 ,跨国公司在其全球战略的指导下 ,不断调整其全球投资战略及拓展国际市场的战略思路与模式。本文在充分研究跨国公司拓展国际市场战略模式相关理论及其应用的基础上 ,尝试构建国际市场进入战略模式选择决策的综合性模型。并基于中国企业跨国经营战略模式选择现状及相关问题的探析 ,提出战略模式选择的相应对策建议 ,以期对中国企业实施“走出去”的战略选择提供有益的借鉴     

对在华跨国公司进入模式的研究

进入模式是跨国公司战略投资的基石。跨国公司在其全球战略的指导下,不断调整其全球投资战略及拓展国际市场的战略思路与模式。中国实行改革开放二十多年来,吸收外商投资取得了举世瞩目的成就,连续多年成为发展中国家的最大外资流入国,因而研究跨国公司进入中国市场模式具有重要意义。文章在充分回顾已有文献的基础上,尝试构建跨国公司在华进入模式模型,并对进入模式的变动及影响因素进行相应地分析。     

对在华跨国公司人才本地化的思考

随着经济全球化的不断深入,跨国公司在世界经济中占据着越来越重要的地位。据2004年世界投资报告显示,全球大约6.1万家跨国公司控制着90多万家外国子公司,它们所代表的外国直接投资存量约为7万亿美元。在全球经济乍暖还寒之际,中国仍是一枝独秀,成为全球的投资热点,我国2002年吸引外国直接投资为527亿美元,居世界第1位;2003年达到530亿美元,仍然是全球最大的资本输入国。目前全球500强企业中已有400多家在中国落户,进入中国市场并积极拓展业务。随着研发、采购、生产、销售本地化的推进,人才本地化也日益突出,成为在华跨国公司要考虑的重要…     

文化差异对跨国公司进入模式的影响

跨国公司进行直接投资受多种因素的影响,其中东道国与母国的文化差异在跨国公司进行投资决策时的作用越来越大,尤其是对跨国公司的进入模式选择产生了重大影响。文章分析了文化差异对跨国公司进入东道国市场模式选择的影响,并且就中国企业跨国化如何应对文化差异提出建议。     

跨国公司的进入模式与技术转移

跨国公司对东道国进行直接投资主要有两种模式：绿地投资和并购。本文通过构建一个简单的理论模型对跨国公司如何在这两种进入模式之间进行选择，在不同的进入模式下跨国公司的技术转移水平有何不同。以及跨国公司进入模式的选择和技术转移水平受到哪些因素的影响等问题进行了研究。在理论研究的基础上并且结合中国的实际情况，本文提出了有关促进跨国公司提高对华技术转移水平的政策建议。     

跨国公司进入模式的结构决定:基于影响因素的一般框架

跨国公司的市场进入模式是近几十年来直接投资理论最为重要的领域之一。进入模式的基本问题主要有三个:所有权安排、产品策略和投资方式。文章以影响进入模式选择的三大因素(产业因素、企业因素和区位因素)为基础,构建了一个分析跨国公司市场进入决策的一般框架,探讨了进入模式的结构决定。     

跨国公司在华直接投资的效应与动因——基于产业组织的分析

外国直接投资对我国国民经济发展起到了重要的促进作用,文章基于跨国公司的特定优势从产业组织角度分析跨国公司在华直接投资的动因和作用,认为随着中国经济的发展,跨国公司将侧重于市场开拓和全球战略的目标。     

Privatization, strategic foreign direct investment and host-country welfare

Recent evidence shows that developing countries and transition economies are increasingly privatizing their public firms and at the same time experiencing rapid growth of inward foreign direct investment (FDI). We show that there is a two-way causality between privatization and greenfield FDI. Privatization increases the incentive for FDI, which, in turn, increases the incentive for privatization compared to the situation of no FDI. The optimal degree of privatization depends on the cost difference of the firms, and on the foreign firm's mode of entry.     

Foreign direct investment and economic performance in transition economies: evidence from China

Based upon a production function with FDI representing updated technology from more developed, market‐based economies, this study tests the hypothesis that FDI contributes to the economic growth of less developed, transition economies via technology updating, using data for 30 Chinese provinces from 1985 to 2000. It is found that provinces with a higher FDI ratio experienced faster technology updating and more rapid economic growth. The study suggests that less developed, transition economies should encourage FDI from more developed, market‐based economies so as to accelerate technology updating and economic growth.     

FDI Policy,Greenfield Investment and Cross‐border Mergers

This paper examines a multinational's choice between greenfield investment and cross‐border merger when it enters another country via foreign direct investment (FDI) and faces the host country's FDI policy. Greenfield investment incurs a fixed plant setup cost, whereas the foreign firm obtains only a share of the joint profit from a cross‐border merger under the restriction of the FDI policy. This trade‐off is affected by market demand, cost differential, and market competition, among other things. The host country's government chooses its FDI policy to affect (or alter) the multinational's entry mode to achieve the maximum social welfare for the domestic country. We characterize the conditions shaping the optimal FDI policy and offer intuitions on FDI patterns in developing and developed countries.     

独资还是合资——我国企业跨国直接投资进入模式的影响因素研究

本文研究了我国企业FDI中关于独资与合资的选择问题。建立了我国企业FDI股权结构进入模式分析框架,并提出研究假设。2008年11月～2009年1月,获得132份有效调查问卷。使用SPSS12.0软件分析得到FDI股权结构选择的LOGISTIC模型。模型显示,投资方式、公司国际化程度对采用独资方式具有负向显著影响,集权偏好对采用独资方式有正向显著影响,技术优势、技术隐性、市场潜力和文化距离对股权结构选择无显著影响。本文还初步探讨了股权结构选择与绩效间的关系,并建议走出去的我国企业关注国际化程度、集权偏好、文化距离对进入模式的影响和国际化人才的培养。     

Dimensions of international expansions by US firms to China: Wealth effects,mode selection,and firm-specific factors

China's recent efforts to attract foreign investment have been viewed favorably by US firms, who have explored a variety of strategies for expanding to China. This paper provides evidence related to a comprehensive set of strategies used by US firms to expand to China. For the 302 announcements of expansion by US firms into the Chinese market, several firm-specific factors are found to affect both the choice of mode entry and the reaction of investors to the announcement of the expansion. The results suggest that firms with a high investment in proprietary assets prefer foreign direct investment (FDI) modes to non-FDI modes, as do firms with high levels of geographic diversification. Firms entering the Chinese market utilize non-FDI modes, while those who have established a presence in China prefer FDI modes. The reaction of the stock market to expansions to China is positive; average excess returns of 0.75% are observed for the two days surrounding the announcement. Both FDI and non-FDI categories of expansion have statistically significant excess returns. Analysis by mode of expansion shows that expansions through joint ventures (JVs) and contracts are the most desirable alternatives. Other modes of expansion do not result in significant excess returns. Finally, a firm's prior financial performance has a significant influence on its ability to profitably expand to China.     

外商直接投资对新疆区域经济的影响及对策

进入十一五时期,我国吸引外商直接投资的规模继续扩大,利用外资的质量不断提高,引资政策也有了明显的转变。国家大力引导外资投向新兴产业及西部欠发达地区。在新形势下,新疆必须结合自身特点,建立有别于其他地区的具有新疆特色的引资发展战略。本文对过去新疆利用外商直接投资(FDI)的相关数据进行对比分析,总结了新疆利用外商直接投资的发展趋势及存在的主要问题,根据新疆经济发展的特点,提出了具有新疆特色的引资发展战略。     

The composition of capital inflows when emerging market firms face financing constraints

The composition of capital inflows to emerging market economies tends to follow a predictable dynamic pattern across the business cycle. In most emerging market economies, total inflows are pro-cyclical, with debt and portfolio equity flowing in first, followed later in the expansion by foreign direct investment (FDI). To understand the dynamic composition of these flows, we use a small open economy (SOE) framework to model the composition of capital inflows as the equilibrium outcome of emerging market firms' financing decisions. We show how costly external financing and FDI search costs generate a state contingent cost of financing such that the cheapest source of financing depends on the phase of the business cycle. In this manner, the financial frictions are able to explain the interaction between the types of flows and deliver a time-varying composition of flows, as well as other standard features of emerging market business cycles. If, as this work suggests, flows are an equilibrium outcome of firms' financing decisions, then volatility of capital inflows is not necessarily bad for an economy. Furthermore, using capital controls to shut down one type of flow and encourage another is certain to have both short- and long-run welfare implications.     

Entry into a Foreign Market: Foreign Direct Investment versus Licensing

We compare foreign direct investment (FDI) and technology licensing as two modes of entry into a foreign market. While direct entry via FDI dissipates rents in the host country, opportunistic competition from a licensee may erode rents in the entrant's other markets. Since FDI increases competition in the host country while licensing stifles it. welfare is higher under FDI than under licensing.     

Profit taxation and the mode of foreign market entry

Abstract This paper studies the role of profit taxation for an international firm's decision upon how to penetrate a foreign market – through exports or through foreign direct investment (FDI) and local supply. We show that with harmonized taxes the international firm may choose FDI even though this has welfare costs from a global point of view. With tax competition, the host country can enforce exporting instead of FDI. This leads to a Nash equilibrium associated with higher world welfare than harmonized taxes. Thus, because of the effect on entry mode, tax competition provides heretofore unexplored benefits as compared to tax harmonization.     

Foreign Direct Investment and Enterprise Restructuring in Central Europe

Foreign direct investment is at the forefront of economic policy decisions in Central Europe, as it is expected to accelerate enterprise restructuring and aid in the successful transition to a market economy. This paper contains a panel data study of the effects of FDI in 11 different manufacturing sectors within three Central European economies: Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic. We find evidence that FDI has increased labour productivity levels in most manufacturing sectors. We are able to differentiate between sectors with a high elasticity of substitution between labour and capital and those that are inelastic. We have also presented evidence to support the theory that the impact on labour productivity is predominantly due to the intangible assets introduced by foreign firms, rather than simply the fixed capital investment associated with FDI.