聚焦3C认证

132种产品没“3C”认证不准上市据新华社电8月1日,我国将对涉及安全、电磁兼容、环境保护要求的产品实施强制性产品认证制度,包括家用电器、汽车、照明设备、医疗器械等19大类132种产品将贴上3C标志。未经认证、没有加贴认证标志的产品,将不得出厂、销售和在经营性活动中使用。中国强制性产品认证制度简介浙江在线新闻网站2003年7月26日强制性产品认证制度,是各国政府为保护广大消费者人身安全、保护动植物生命安全,保护环境、保护国家安全,依照法律法规实施的一种产品合格评定制度。强制性产品认证,通过制定强制性产品认证的产品目录和实…     

浅议中国强制性产品认证制度一“3C”认证制度

强制性产品认证制度,是各国政府为保护自己国家的广大消费者的人身和动植物生命安全,保护环境,保护国家安全,依照法律法规实施的一种产品合格制度,它要求生产的产品必须符合国家的标准和技术法规。 强制性产品的认证,是通过制定强制性产品认证的产品的目录和实施强制性产品的认证程序,对列入《目录》的产品实施强制性的检测和审核。凡列入强制性产品认证目录内的产品,没有获得国家指定认证机构的认证证书,没有按规定加     

“3C”认证任重而道远

2003年8月1日,中国开始实施《强制产品管理规定》,与此同时《强制性产品认证标志管理办法》和《实施强制性产品认证有关问题的通知》也开始实施,再加上国家认证认可监督管理委员会公布的《第一批实施强制性产品认证的产品目录》,这四个文件对强制性产品认证的法律依据,实施强制性产品认证的范围,强制性产品认证标志的使用、管理等均作出了统一的规定。“3C”认证是我国按照世贸有关协议和国际通行规则,依法对涉及人身健康安全,动植物生命健康,以及环境保护和公共安全的产品实行统一的强制性产品认证制度,也是一种全新的产品市场准入制度。“3C”标志的实施取代了原来实行的“长城CCEE”标志和“CCIB”标志。     

抓好“三个结合” 着力推进宁波口岸强制性认证工作

中国强制性认证(CCC认证制度),是我国政府为保护广大消费者人身安全、保护动植物生命安全、保护环境、保护国家安全,依照法律法规实施的一种产品合格评定制度。列入《强制性产品认证目录》内的产品,需经口岸检验检疫部门入境验证合格方可进口。     

日本的质量认证

日本的JIS标志制度始于1949年发布的“工业标淮化法”,根据不同的产品,分别由日本政府的通产省、厚生省和运输省组织实施。JIS统一采用两种标志,即产品标志和加工技术标志,其中通产省管理的认证产品占日本认证产品的90％左右。日本通产省所实行的产品认证制度分为强制性和自愿申请性两类。强制性认证有以下4种:     

提高强制性产品认证有效性举措探讨

就如何进一步建设强制性产品认证制度的技术支持体系、规范工厂检查形式、完善监督体系、规范行政许可行为、降低企业运营成本等几个方面,阐述了如何提高强制性产品认证有效性,促进和谐消费建设.     

提高强制性产品认证有效性举措探讨

就如何进一步建设强制性产品认证制度的技术支持体系、规范工厂检查形式、完善监督体系、规范行政许可行为、降低企业运营成本等几个方面,阐述了如何提高强制性产品认证有效性,促进和谐消费建设.     

强制性产品认证制度在出入境环节的风险排查与分析

强制性产品认证制度(以下简称"3C认证制度")自2002年正式实施以来,对规范统一此前对国内和国外两套不同的强制性认证制度、保护广大消费者人身安全和动植物生命安全、保护环境和保护国家安全起到了十分重要的作用。但该制度实施10年以来,出现了一些亟待分析和解决的新情况和新问题。本文拟就3C认证制度在检验检疫环节中存在的风险做初步排查和分析。一、现行3C认证目录存在的风险分析3C认证目录是一个基于产品种类、用途、参数等特     

完善强制性认证监管制度

为了履行中国加入WTO的承诺,适应我国社会主义市场经济发展的需要,我国从2002年5月1日起,开始实施新的强制性产品认证制度。在国家认证认可监督管理委员会(简称认监委)的直接领导,相关部委、地方质检部门及相关认证机构的共同努力下,强制性产品认证制度正式实施三年来,取得了令     

第一批实施强制性产品认证的产品目录

按国家认证认可监督管理委员会发布的公告,从2003年8月1日起,我国正式实施新的安全许可即国家强制性产品认证(CCC,简称“3C”)制度。8月1日之后,未经3C认证的产品,不允许出厂、进口和销售。首批实施强制性产品认证的产品包括19个大类132种产品,清单如下:     

厦门检区出口食品农产品生产企业认证现状分析

本文通过对厦门检区出口食品农产品生产企业认证情况普查,分析了这些企业取得管理体系认证和产品认证的数量和种类分布及其与企业性质、产品类别和出口比例等因素的关系,认证动机和未认证的原因等,从而对认证监管和检验检疫监管提出几点建议。     

EurepGAP对我国农产品出口贸易的影响及对策

EurepGAP是针对近年来频繁发生的食品安全问题而制定的一套农产品质量安全认证体系。随着欧盟市场的扩大和EurepGAP认证的普及,我国农产品受EurepGAP的影响也会更加突出。EurepGAP以维护消费者利益,提高食品供应链的安全性为立足点,具有一定的合理性,但在我国目前较低的农业生产技术及生产环境下,要达到其要求还存在相当的难度。本文就EurepGAP对我国农产品出口贸易的影响进行了论述,并以我国农业发展的现状为出发点,就如何应对EurepGAP以促进我国农业出口健康发展提出了建议和对策。     

Does Processing Level Affect Vegetable Region of Production Certification Preferences?

While a number of U.S. agricultural industries have implemented a region of production (ROP) certification, little research has focused on ROP valuation associated with both whole and processed forms of a food product. Understanding consumer preferences toward certified products sold in multiple forms is critical to the success of a new certification program in an industry that sells products at multiple levels of processing. This study examines preferences for a possible ROP-certified vegetable across two product forms: fresh and processed. Discrete choice analysis was conducted using data collected from an online panel survey of 553 U.S. food consumers. A chile pepper product’s ROP was deemed important by participants, although the ROP certifier appears to matter less than other potential certifications (e.g., safety, quality). Differences in the importance of ROP between product forms suggest a single certification can have disparate effects on consumer preferences for different forms of a ROP-certified vegetable.     

Place and certification cue usage with Canadian forest products

Place-based promotion is used in many industries, including food and wine products, to create a competitive advantage. This study focused on consumer behaviours related to cue usage of origin (i.e. local and imported) and certification (i.e. sustainable products) with the goal of understanding the importance of these two cues used together or separately in the context of Canadian forest products. The study asked consumers in a small Canadian city about their quality beliefs, value assessments and purchase intentions for local and/or certified products. Using a quasi-experimental design, the manipulations include location (local vs. imported), certification (certified vs. uncertified) and product type (commodity vs. value-added). A repeated measures ANOVA found that both cues of origin and certification were important as respondents perceived local products as better quality and higher value, and respondents were more likely to purchase them over most other types. A regression analysis indicated that in most cases quality and value were predictors, but value was the most important indicator of the likeliness to purchase specific forest products. This study has the potential to aid marketers because certification cue usage does not appear to have been examined in conjunction with a product’s local vs. foreign origin.     

Moral consequences of a seller's market: Polish experience

The article is an analysis of the moral consequences of permanent and major shortages in supply for producers, distributors, and especially consumers. The analysis is based on the author's long experience, obtained in Poland during observations and studies of the behaviour of economic units and consumers. The conclusions presented can be generally applied to centrally planned economies. Similar studies are lacking in countries characterized by an `economics of shortage'. Immoral behaviour is reflected in the negligence of the socially accepted system of values and moral norms. In ‘economics of shortage’ this system has been largely destroyed, making moral evaluation of behaviour rather difficult. The seller's market puts society in a situation characterized by a conflict between the law and moral norms; it restricts distributive justice; makes it easier to infringe upon somebody's property; induces fraudulent activities to the detriment of the consumer; restricts the individual's freedom and the consumer's sovereignty; dehumanizes the consumption process; violates human dignity; carries a threat for family life and generates interhuman conflicts. Decisions concerning production and products do not make sufficient allowances for the needs of end users in the sphere of quality, assortment, information transmitted to consumers, and new product development. There exist, in parallel, different systems of allocation of goods and services: administrative allotment, government-controlled outlets, grey and black markets. The purchase of a product itself stretches in time and involves considerable obstacles. The consumer is forced to continue searching and queuing, compulsory substitution, compulsory spending of money and compulsory savings. All this paves the way for unethical behaviour of both sellers and consumers. Among consumers there can be seen symptoms of alienation from the market.     

The Impact of Forest Certification on Firm Financial Performance in Canada and the U.S.

The purpose of this article is to examine empirically the impact of environmental certification on firm financial performance (FP). The main question is whether there is a “green premium” for certified firms, and, if so, for what kind of certification. We analyze the short-run and the long-run stock price performance using an event-study methodology on a sample of Canadian and U.S. firms. The results of short-run event abnormal returns indicate that forest certification does not have any significant impact on firm FP regardless of the certification system carried out by firms. Unlike the short-run results, the long-run post-event abnormal returns suggest that forest certification has, on average, a negative impact on firm FP. However, the impact of forest certification on firm FP depends on who grants the certification, since only industry-led certification (Sustainable Forestry Initiative, Canadian Standards Association and ISO14001) are penalized by financial markets, whereas non-governmental organizations–led Forest Stewardship Council certification is not.     

The Effect of Information on Willingness to Pay for Canned Tuna Fish with Different Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Certification: A Pilot Study

The objective of this study was to assess the role of information in consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for food products with corporate social responsibility (CSR) certification. The item used for the experimental design was canned tuna fish, a product on the market that is already exhibiting various kinds of certification related to social and environmental attributes. Two different kinds of certifications were examined, namely Friend of the Sea, which involves environmental aspects, and SA8000, related to workers' rights and more general social attributes. We implemented experimental auctions, taking into account three information treatments. The initial findings show that the WTP for both CSR labels is higher than the WTP for tuna fish without any CSR certification. Nevertheless, the information provided on CSR certification did not change consumers' WTP among the certification schemes. Our findings could also serve to fine‐tune marketing strategies to consumer preferences and determine which CSR activities are worth undertaking.     

Certification and product testing. Some problems in consumer information systems

Well-known problems in technical product testing are lack of reproducibility of test methods and performance differences between “identical” products (also referred to as the sampling problem). The Dutch certification institute IVHA has incorporated these phenomena in its consumer information system in such a way that they can be dealt with adequately. A number of principles in the IVHA approach are also applicable to comparative testing and informative labelling. An active dialogue with suppliers is an important element in the IVHA approach.     

义务教育均衡发展的教育政策走向

义务教育均衡发展是科学发展观的指导思想在义务教育发展目标上的体现，我国当前义务教育不均衡现象比较严重，要实现义务教育均衡发展，必须把解决教育机会均等放在首位，形成城乡统一的义务教育普惠制，并实现教育资源投入的公平，建构义务教育均衡发展的标准和评价体系。     

环境管理体系认证能够抑制股价崩盘风险吗？

近年来，随着环境政策日趋严格，环境负面消息累积导致的股价崩盘风险不断提高。文章基于2007-2019年中国沪深两市A股重污染企业的经验数据，探讨了环境管理体系认证对股价崩盘风险的影响。研究发现，环境管理体系认证能够显著抑制股价崩盘风险，且当媒体关注越高、分析师关注越高时，环境管理体系认证对股价崩盘风险的抑制作用更强。进一步探讨影响机制发现，环境管理体系认证主要通过治理机制和信息机制来影响股价崩盘风险，换言之，环境管理体系认证能够通过提高公司环境绩效和公司信息透明度来抑制股价崩盘风险。研究结论揭示了环境管理体系认证具有资本市场有效性，丰富了股价崩盘风险的影响因素研究，对于政府完善环境管理体系认证制度以提高资本市场稳定性、企业优化战略决策以提升企业价值具有重要的借鉴意义。