ENRAP与SEEA体系中环境服务核算的比较分析

ENRAP和SEEA都设法扩展传统国民经济核算的范围,以更好地反映经济和自然环境的交互影响.ENRAP明确把自然环境作为一个生产性经济部门,采用大量虚拟技术测算环境服务的价值;SEEA采用SNA的生产部门定义与核算准则,但忽略了对许多有价值的自然环境服务的核算.这两大核算体系在环境服务核算的内容、核算方法和核算的结果等方面存在差异.     

Environmental–Economic Accounting: Progress and Digression in the SEEA Revisions

The 1992 Earth Summit and its message of sustainable development drove the launching of a System for integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting, the SEEA. Since then, sustainable development and the SEEA have given way to green growth and green economy indicators in the latest 2012 Summit. A lengthy revision process has now produced a curtailed “SEEA central framework.” The new framework focuses on expenditures for environmental protection and resource management, and stocks and flows of “economic” resources; both are covered by the conventional national accounts. Environmental degradation, notably from pollution, is left to “experimental” ecosystem accounts. Further revision of the SEEA should reverse this retrenchment from integrative environmental–economic accounting. A comprehensive satellite system, rather than a limited statistical standard, might put the SEEA back on the policy agenda.     

私人参与公共环境服务供给的路径选择

由于环境服务的大部分内容具有公共物品属性,所以在我国长期以来主要由政府负责供给,对财政支出造成巨大的压力.在研究西方私人供给公共物品的理论的基础上,结合我国的实际情况,为我国私人参与公共环境服务供给提供现实的路径选择.     

SEEA框架:资源价值理论基础和核算方法探究

本文在对马克思关于土地等自然资源的经典论述进行重新解读后,论证了资源价值是以价值一般理论作为理论基础的,并就环境经济核算框架下的资源耗减价值核算的有关理论问题进行了探讨。     

Environmental and Social Accounting for Brazil

An environmentally extendedSocial Accounting Matrix (SAM) has beenconstructed for Brazil for the first time. Wereview in detail previous studies in thisfield, describe the construction, structure anddata sources of the Brazilian SAM, anddemonstrate the effect of system closure.Examining a range of type-I and type-IImultipliers, we show that incomes generated byfinal consumption are highly skewed towardsrich households, but energy requirements andcarbon emissions are higher for the consumptionof the poor. A significant negative correlationexists between employment and income on onehand, and energy requirements and carbonemissions on the other, while a significantpositive correlation exists between imports,and energy and carbon. These correlationsdemonstrate that there is scope for policiesthat pursue imports substitution and reduceenergy consumption and carbon emissions whilstincreasing employment and income.     

环境会计研究述评

环境会计作为会计研究领域的一个新的分支,正成为国内外学术界的研究热点和重点。鉴于此,本文对国内外环境会计的研究情况进行较为全面的回顾与评述,并提出了相应的学术展望。     

Weak and strong sustainability in the SEEA: Concepts and measurement

In this paper, we explain how the latest international handbook on environmental accounting, the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting or SEEA (United Nations, European Commission, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and World Bank (2003). Handbook of National Accounting, Studies in Methods. New York, United Nations.), can be used to measure weak and strong sustainability. We emphasise the importance of understanding the conceptual differences between weak and strong sustainability. We then outline what we consider to be current best practice in measurement, all the time flagging the relationship between our discussion and that of the SEEA-2003. This is an important task in our view, because, despite covering a very wide range of relevant conceptual and empirical issues, the handbook is by design not meant to provide clear guidelines for the purpose of measuring sustainability in either its weak or strong version.     

生态环境服务付费的国际经验及其对中国的启示

生态环境服务付费在国际上引起关注的三个背景是:(1)生态问题的凸显;(2)新古典经济学意识形态的流行;(3)保护环境和减少贫困一石两鸟的期望。与生态环境服务付费理念相似的概念,在我国一般被称为生态补偿。生态补偿在我国受到重视是国情使然。这一国情与上述三个背景有共通之处,也有独特之处。这决定了生态环境服务付费的国际经验对我国生态补偿有潜在的借鉴意义,同时生态补偿又有中国特色。生态环境服务付费的国际经验对我国的主要启示是:(1)需要提高下游(环境服务需求方)的生态补偿意识;(2)公平的生态补偿机制要求考虑上游保护生态环境的机会成本;(3)权属明晰化是使生态补偿机制长久可持续的前提;(4)政府应鼓励地方创新形式多样的补偿形式;等等。     

Development of the SEEA 2003 and its implementation

The preparation of the System of Environmental and Economic Accounts 2003 marks an important milestone in the world of official statistics. Just as the development of the original guidelines for national accounting in the 1950s was the first step toward today's robust, internationally comparable economic statistics, the System of Environmental and Economic Accounts 2003 offers hope to bring order and comparability to environmental statistics. How the system came to be and why it is an important achievement are outlined. This is followed by an overview of its accounting structure. A discussion of the implementation of the SEEA 2003, both in ideal terms and as actually practiced in statistical offices, concludes.     

Knowledge Management and Customer Relationship Management for Accounting Services Companies

By combining the abilities to respond directly to customer requests and to provide the customer with a highly interactive, customized experience, companies have a greater ability today to establish nurture and sustain long-term customer relationships than ever before. The ultimate goal is to transform these relationships into greater profitability by increasing repeat purchase rates and reducing customer acquisition costs. Customer relationship management （CRM） has a significant potential to leverage an organization＇s performance, but it does not come without a clear sense of destination and typically without pain. For the research methodology we use the database of customers of a Romanian accounting services company Vulpoi ＆ Toader Management SRL, which is an important player in this market. The goal of our paper is to find out the link between knowledge management （KM） and CRM for this company and how these ＂innovations＂ contribute to increasing the value of the business.     

环境与经济综合核算的系统动力学模型研究

实施可持续发展战略,落实科学发展观,正确地评价经济增长状况至关重要;而环境与经济综合核算 (绿色GDP核算) 就是最主要的评价经济增长真实状况的手段之一.然而,目前的绿色GDP核算方式是不完整的、静态的、事后核算和分项计算的,对转变经济增长方式的指导意义有限.为此,文章首次提出了系统动力学绿色GDP核算方法,利用人口、资本、生态环境和经济核算4大子模块,将复杂的绿色GDP核算内容,统一在一个动态的、预测型的、具有反馈特征的模型之中;为经济增长方式的调整提供了充分的信息和调节手段.模型可以作为一个核算和政策模拟平台,通过不断调整、完善而长期使用.     

论可持续发展与环境会计

以可持续发展理论为依据,对环境会计的理论和实践基础、环境会计的基本目标、环境会计对会计学的新突破-环境会计对象、环境会计假设、环境会计成本、环境会计披露等问题进行了探讨。     

Evolutionary Theories in Environmental and Resource Economics: Approaches and Applications

Recent advances in evolutionary theory have important implications for environmental economics. A short overview is offered of evolutionarythinking in economics. Subsequently, major concepts and approaches inevolutionary biology and evolutionary economics are presented andcompared. Attention is devoted, among others, to Darwinian selection,punctuated equilibrium, sorting mechanisms, Lamarckian evolution,coevolution and self-organization. Basic features of evolution, such assustained change, irreversible change, unpredictability, qualitativechange and disequilibrium, are examined. It is argued that there are anumber of fundamental differences as well as similarities betweenbiological and economic evolution. Next, some general implications ofevolutionary thinking for environmental economics are outlined. This isfollowed by a more detailed examination of potential uses ofevolutionary theories in specific areas of environmental economics,including sustainability and long run development theories, technologyand environment, ecosystem management and resilience, spatial evolutionand environmental processes, and design of environmental policy.     

对环境会计信息披露的探讨

近年来,随着全球性保护环境的热潮的掀起,人们越来越关注环境问题。在将环境会计纳入企业会计核算范围后,环境会计信息的披露开始引起人们极大的关注,但是我国当前的环境信息披露体系还不完善,存在许多的问题,无法满足企业利益相关者的信息需求。为此,针对我国企业环境会计信息披露存在的问题,提出了完善措施。     

构建环境会计学的理论框架

环境生产、人的生产和物质生产之间的内在逻辑关系 ,环境资源价值观的确立 ,资源寿命周期理论和物质流转理论为环境会计学奠定了理论基础 ;环境保护的外在压力和企业的内在需要是环境会计学产生的直接动因 ;环境会计学最基本的理论问题包括 :环境会计学的定义、要素、研究对象、研究方法及基本假设 ;环境会计学可分为宏观环境会计学和微观环境会计学两个层次     

环境管理会计的成本核算体系在企业中的应用

自二十世纪九十年代以来,环境问题日益得到社会各界的重视.本文从环境管理会计在我国的发展现状入手,构建了环境管理会计的成本核算体系,分析了环境管理会计在企业中的应用问题.     

Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environmental Accounting

In this paper, we develop atheoretically consistent framework to incorporate theenvironmental effects of agricultural production andthe depletion of natural capital caused byagricultural production into the existing incomeaccounts. We apply the framework and adjust theincome attributed to the agricultural sector andeconomy-wide net national product (NNP) for the UnitedStates. Estimated adjustments to the incomeattributed to agriculture are in the range of $4billion and have declined as a percentage of net farmincome since 1982.     

Economic Valuation of Health for Environmental Policy: Comparing Alternative Approaches. Introduction and Overview

Protecting human health is a primary goal of environmental policy and economic evaluation of health can help policy-makers judge the relative worth of alternative actions. Economists use two distinct approaches in normatively evaluating health. Whereas environmental economists use benefit-cost analysis supported by monetary valuation in terms of willingness-to-pay, health economists evaluate interventions based on cost-effectiveness or cost-utility analysis (CEA), using quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) or similar indexes. This paper provides background on the controversy about the relative merits of these approaches and introduces the remaining papers in the special issue. These papers (with one exception) were presented at a conference sponsored by the Department of Economics at the University of Central Florida with support from the US Environmental Protection Agency. Although CEA might not lead to substantially different implications for environmental policy than benefit-cost analysis, and QALY may provide a benefit transfer tool to fill gaps in the morbidity valuation literature, the papers in this issue raise serious concerns about the suitability of QALY-based CEA for environmental regulatory analysis. QALY does not in general appropriately represent individual preferences for health and CEA is neither independent of income distribution nor adequate to assess efficiency.     

中国会计准则与国际会计准则差异的环境因素

全球经济一体化和资本市场全球化越来越要求会计能够成为一门国际通用的商业语言，以增进各国会计信息的可比性和透明度。中国会计准则发展模式应通过比较与国际财务报告准则存在的差异，并结合中国特殊会计环境，坚持国家化，而不应该全盘国际化；不同类型企业应执行不同的会计准则。