江苏城乡收入分配差距的负面经济效应分析

改革开放以来,江苏城乡居民收入差距呈现扩大的趋势。城乡收入分配差距的扩大,使得江苏居民消费率下降,城乡人力资本差距扩大,城乡二元经济结构有固化趋势。只有不断完善劳动力市场,推进刘易斯转折点与库兹涅茨转折点的会合,才能逐步提高劳动者工资报酬,改善收入分配格局,缩小城乡收入差距。     

中国行业间工资差距变化及趋势研究——基于微观数据的分析视角

本文旨在研究1978年以来中国行业间工资差距的特点及发展趋势,重点考察城镇居民收入差距中行业因素的影响。基于回归方程的Fields分解发现,2003年、2005年和2006年,行业间的工资差异对中国城镇居民收入差距的贡献不断扩大,而且主要是由一些高收入的国有垄断行业所造成。同时,区位、教育对收入差距的贡献也非常显著,而年龄对收入差距的贡献有明显下降。因此,缩小中国城镇收入差距,需要深化劳动力市场改革,打破劳动力市场进入壁垒和产品市场行业垄断。     

中小企业发展对城乡收入差距的影响机制研究——基于劳动力市场分割的视角

文章利用2001~2010年中国省级面板数据,考察了劳动力市场分割视角下中小企业发展对缩小城乡收入差距的影响。研究表明,中小企业发展的就业规模对缩小城乡居民收入差距具有显著的正向影响,但是劳动力市场分割对这种促进效应具有抑制作用;中小企业发展的经济规模与城乡居民收入差距之间存在类似库兹涅茨曲线的倒U型关系。文章结论的政策含义在于:打破劳动力市场分割,充分发展中小企业以吸收农村富余劳动力将会有益于降低城乡居民收入差距;坚持市场化改革,不断提高中小企业的经济规模,有助于跳出农村低收入水平陷阱。     

我国社会保障对收入差距的影响研究

目前我国已经步入中等收入国家行列,但与此同时我国的收入差距不断拉大,如何将收入差距控制在合理范围内,成功地跨越中等收入陷阱是当前的紧要问题。而社会保障对收入差距具有很大的影响作用,本文希望通过对社会保障的改进缩小收入差距。本文将城镇基本养老保险覆盖率、基本医疗保险覆盖率、失业保险的覆盖率加入到库兹涅茨倒U曲线的计量模型中,通过对此模型进行分析,结果显示目前我国城镇基本养老保险拉大了城镇的收入差距;城镇基本医疗保险与城镇的收入差距之间没有明豆的相关关系;失业保险呈现出缩小城镇收入差距的效果。在此基础上就我国社会保障的完善提出了一些建议。     

中国城镇就业收入差距的扩大及其原因

改革开放以来,随着中国城镇国有企业改革和私营企业的迅速发展,中国城镇就业者收入结构发生了巨大的变化,收入差距不断扩大。本文采用1988年和2007年中国住户收入调查(CHIP)城镇数据,分析了城镇个人就业收入差距不断扩大的幅度及其影响因素。本文的研究结果表明,劳动力市场对就业者人力资本的回报显著提高,成为收入不平等扩大的主要贡献因素。除此之外,性别间、省份间收入差距的扩大,都对城镇就业收入不平等的加剧有显著的影响作用。     

循环经济:对环境库兹涅茨曲线的修正

一、环境库兹涅茨曲线(一)环境库兹涅茨曲线1955年,美国经济学家西蒙·库兹涅茨在进行收入差距的研究中发现,在经济发展的过程中,收入差距先随着经济的增长而不断扩大,达到一个定点后,收入差距又会随着经济的增长而不断缩小。在以经济增长为     

劳动力非农转移对城乡发展的实证研究

经过30年改革开放,中国实现了工业化快速发展,农业部门对工业部门的劳动力供给进入到有限供给的新阶段。但农产品价格持续上涨,城乡收入差距逐渐扩大,城市化发展仍相对滞后,劳动力剩余与结构性短缺并存。在这种新旧问题交织的时代背景下,研究农村劳动力转移对城乡发展的影响有着重要意义。本文简要介绍了我国非农转移的历程,继而对非农转移与城乡收入差距、城市化进程以及城镇失业率之间的关系进行实证检验并做出适当解释,最后根据分析结果提出相关建议。     

劳动力非农转移对城乡发展的实证研究

经过30年改革开放,中国实现了工业化快速发展,农业部门对工业部门的劳动力供给进入到有限供给的新阶段.但农产品价格持续上涨,城乡收入差距逐渐扩大,城市化发展仍相对滞后,劳动力剩余与结构性短缺并存.在这种新旧问题交织的时代背景下,研究农村劳动力转移对城乡发展的影响有着重要意义.本文简要介绍了我国非农转移的历程,继而对非农转移与城乡收入差距、城市化进程以及城镇失业率之间的关系进行实证检验并做出适当解释,最后根据分析结果提出相关建议.     

收入、收入类别与环境库兹涅茨曲线

利用2000-2009年我国省际面板数据,对人均收入、收入类别与六种污染指标之间的关系进行了实证检验.结果表明:环境库兹涅茨倒U型关系取决于污染指标的选择,在样本期内,部分污染指标呈现出倒U型EKC关系;在倒U型曲线的转折点处,城镇人均可支配收入的临界水平高于农村人均纯收入的临界水平.     

经济增长、社会保障支出与城乡收入差距分析——基于省级面板数据的空间计量分析

本文利用我国省级区域空间面板数据,基于库兹涅茨假说,设定地理距离空间权重矩阵,建立空间滞后模型就经济增长、社会保障支出对城乡收入差距影响进行实证分析.研究表明:我国省级区域城乡收入差距存在空间溢出效应.经济.增长与城乡收入差距不存在库兹涅茨"倒U"曲线关系,而是呈现先下降后上升的"U型"曲线关系,难以通过经济发展的自发调节缩小城乡收入差距.社会保障支出未起到收入分配的调节作用,反而存在逆向调节,扩大城乡收入差距.产业结构升级对城乡收入差距具有消极影响,对外贸易对城乡收入差距具有积极影响,这意味着产业结构升级和对外贸易对城乡收入差距的影响取决于对农村富余劳动力的吸纳承载力.     

企业诚信意识与思想政治工作调研及对策思考

在对福建省企业诚信意识与思想政治工作调研的基础上,提出构建可操作的“三层次四模块”诚信意识培育新模式,推进人本化管理理念的渗透,加强人文关怀和心理疏导,以实现思想政治工作诚信意识培育的目标。     

中国经济的内外均衡与财税改革

我国经常项目持续的大规模顺差,给国民经济的健康发展带来一系列的不利影响。在前人研究的基础上,通过对各种影响因素进行分类拆解,本文试图从理论和实证角度说明长期的储蓄-消费失衡是造成我国贸易顺差的一个重要原因,而其背后的根本原因是由于企业可支配收入相对于劳动者报酬不断提高带来的收入结构和储蓄结构失衡。我国当前企业未分配收入大幅增长的原因可以归结为企业利润率"虚高"和国企"不分红"问题。只有从体制上解决这个问题,才能使储蓄降低到适当的水平,通过拉动内需消除我国过大的贸易顺差,从根本上解决内外经济比例失衡问题。     

森林资源规划设计调查总结与反思

森林资源规划设计调查是为国家、地区及森林经营单位制定林业方针政策,编制林业区划、规划、计划,指导林业生产而提供基础资源数据,为实现森林资源合理经营、科学管理、永续利用、持续发展,充分发挥森林生态效益、经济效益、社会效益服务。森林资源调查的任务是全面查清森林资源数量、质量变化及其消长变化状况、规律,进行综合分析和评价,准确提供所需有关森林资源调查成果资料。基于森林资源二类调查的重要性和今后调查工作顺利开展的需要,调查之后的总结与反思尤为重要。     

Homogeneity and Heterogeneity Within and Across Boundaries and Shorelines: Ensemble of Darwin's Finches and Human Transaction Types

Synopsis: In the most famous example of the biological process of adaptive radiation, two forces explain the fourteen distinct species of Darwin's finches on the Galápagos and Cocos Islands: First, populations adapt to their respective distinct ecological environments. Second, previously separated populations come in contact and may adapt to mitigate inter-species competition. The result is a complex pattern of homogeneity and heterogeneity among the birds, both on a single island and across islands. This pattern reflects the finches' adaptations both to the distinct ecological conditions created by the visible shorelines that separate the islands' niches and to the finches' own less-visible cultural and societal shorelines. The New Institutional Economics highlights the fact that human institutional infrastructures also exhibit complex homogeneities and heterogeneities, as we adapt those infrastructures to accomplish the tasks at hand in distinct geographic and societal contexts. Mixes of both state enforcement and self-enforcement, through inter-temporal, inter-issue, and inter-actor linkages, provide support and enforcement for transactions; and those mixes differ across transactions and across states. When transactions occur across state or cultural shorelines, institutional infrastructures must be flexible enough to accommodate those differences, without allowing the differences to become disguised protectionism or barriers to competition. These issues contribute to many of the regulatory disputes associated with ‘globalization’. We briefly consider two concrete recent examples: (1) the European Union–United States ‘Safe Harbor’ Agreement that regulates firms' policies toward Internet-data privacy; and (2) international trade policy negotiations over regulation of ‘geographical indications’ (for example, Champagne or Roquefort) as means of assuring product quality for processed foods. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Classical and Neoclassical harmonies and dissonances

Abstract

Proofs are given that only singularly can real 1750 – 2007 competitive price ratios be ‘natural', in the sense of being invariant under changes in demand tastes. Proofs are given that both 1750 – 1870 discrete technologies or 1890 – 2007 continuum technologies, with convexity properties sufficient for arbitrage-proof supply-demand equilibria, will be ‘intertemporally Pareto optimal', immune to leaving any deadweight (inefficient) losses on the table. Sraffa (1960), ignoring the vast post-1945 linear and non-linear programming mathematical literature of Danzig, Kuhn-Tucker-Bellman, von Neumann, Ramsey literature does not quite arrive at attainable distribution solutions. Where it tolerates increasing or decreasing returns to scale, there can be no competitive equilibria. When its matrix equations do obey first-degree-homogeneous functions, the book's stress on Basics or non-Basics is an irrelevancy leading to bizarre novel interpretations of Ricardo.

Old age overtakes us all. Alas, Sraffs's proposed critique of twentieth century political economy we will never be able to know.     

Sen and Commons on Markets and Freedom

Amartya Sen's enlarged conception of freedom has augmented the scope of economic analysis but it also has had the surprising effect of being more supportive of the free market than conventional welfare economics. It is argued here that a comparison of Sen's position with that of the American institutionalist, J R Commons, highlights some problems with Sen's approach and points to possible ways in which they might be addressed.     

美国、日本产业政策:比较分析与启示

现阶段,在吸取美国、日本经验的基础上,我国产业结构调整应主要依靠市场机制进行调节,同时辅之以宏观政策,尽快使我国的产业结构优化,即产业结构的合理化、高级化。     

Globalization and taxation: Theory and evidence

We construct a theoretical model to capture the compensation and efficiency effects of globalization in a set up where the redistributive tax rate is chosen by the median voter. The model predicts that the two alternative modes of globalization- trade liberalization and financial openness- could potentially have different effects on taxation. We then provide some empirical evidence on the relationship between taxation and the alternative modes of globalization using a large cross-country panel data set. On average, globalization is associated with lower taxation but there is some evidence that in countries with high capital-labor ratio, globalization is associated with increased taxation. We make a distinction between de jure and de facto measures of globalization and find a strong negative relationship between taxation and de jure measures of globalization. The results for de facto measures of globalization are mixed.     

Finance and inequality: Channels and evidence

We provide a framework to interpret the recent literature on financial development and inequality. In many developing countries, access to funding and financial services by firms and households is still very skewed. Recent evidence suggests that poor access does not only reflect economic constraints but also barriers erected by insiders. Inequality affects the distribution of political influence, so financial regulation often is easily captured by established interests in unequal countries. Captured reforms deepen rather than broaden access, as small elites obtain most of the benefits while risks are socialized. Financial liberalization motivated to increase access may in practice increase fragility and inequality, and lead to political backlash against reforms. Thus financial reforms may succeed only if matched by a buildup in oversight institutions. Journal of Comparative Economics 35 (4) (2007) 748–773.     

The Performance of Public and Private Enterprise under Conditions of Active and Passive Ownership and Competition and Monopoly

Privatisation is driven by the belief that public ownership is cost inefficient, in particular under monopoly. However, some theoretical and empirical studies have questioned whether privatisation will necessarily lead to efficiency gains. This paper focuses on the impact of ownership when owners can be either active or passive. Active owners decide on output, whereas passive owners delegate this decision to a risk-averse manager. It turns out that managerial slack as reflected in the marginal costs will actually be the same or higher in a private monopoly than under public ownership. The impact of entry is theoretically ambiguous, but an increased number of firms in an oligopoly may lead to lower efficiency.