“小金库”的成因、危害及对策

“小金库”的问题由来已久。党中央、国务院曾三令五申不得私设“小金库”，有关部门也多次对“小金库”进行专项检查，但仍屡禁不止。它不仅造成国家和单位收入的流失，扰乱了正常的经济秩序，而且还诱发和滋生各种腐败现象，败坏了党风和社会风气，应当坚决取谛。“小金库”是违反国家财经法规及其他有关规定，侵占、截留、隐瞒国家和单位收入，未列入本单位财务会计部门帐内或未纳入预算管理，私存私放的各项资金。其大多采取化公为私、公款私存、转移收入、截留利润等不正当手段取得。主要包括：各项生产经营收入；各种行政事业性收费；…     

谈村级债务的成因与化解

随着农村税费改革在全国各地试点的启动，研究和探讨村级债务的化解显得尤为重要。笔者结合湖北省京山县农村税费改革试点的实际，对农村税费改革中的村级债务的成因及化解之策进行了一些粗浅的研究。     

Sustainability and multifunctionality of protected designations of origin of olive oil in Spain

Agrarian systems provide sociocultural and environmental externalities, which contribute to the sustainability of rural areas. The aim of this article is to analyse the sustainability of some Spanish olive oil Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) through multicriteria techniques (Analytical Network Process), taking into consideration different farming systems. The analysis has been made through ten criteria grouped in three clusters: economic, environmental and socio-cultural and asked experts. This was done first to rank the criteria and second in terms of what type of farming system achieves these criteria better. According to the results, there is a high level of consensus regarding the criteria ranking and the way that farming systems contribute to agrarian multifunctionality and sustainable development, despite the different characteristics of PDOs. In all cases, organic farming is the best, followed by integrated farming, when achieving economic, environmental and socio-cultural criteria, except for Estepa (where integrated farming is preferred for the economic and socio-cultural criteria). Conventional farming is placed in third position when achieving all functions, except for the environmental criteria, for which abandonment is preferred to conventional farming in all PDOs. Multifunctionality and sustainability are maximized by a combination of farming systems: about 40% organic, 35% integrated, 20% conventional and 5% crop abandonment.The results of our model regarding the combination of farming systems are similar to the actual situation in the PDOs studied, and, more important, this has been achieved thanks to the PDO institutions. Good local institutions contribute to improve the sustainability of rural areas by encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship (especially in PDOs, triggered by Origin Designation Regulator Councils) and a European level, by paying farmers for externalities.     

Domestically produced food: Consumer perceptions of origin, safety and the issue of trust

It is becoming increasingly difficult for the public to attempt to assess risks using traditional methods such as smell, taste or other physical attributes of food. The existence of extrinsic cues such as the country of origin (COO) of food can help to make food purchase decisions easier for consumers. However, the use of extrinsic cues depends heavily on the extent to which consumers trust such signals to be indicative of quality or safety, which in turn depends on the credibility behind that cue. This paper aims to examine consumers association of domestically produced food with increased food safety standards and the association of COO and food safety information with socio-demographics and other aspects of consumer psychology such as attitudes, risk perception and trust. Using an ordered probit model, domestic production is examined as an extrinsic cue for food safety by looking at the relationship with trust in food safety information provided by national food standards agencies (NFSAs) and other socio-demographic characteristics, based on nationally representative data from 2725 face-to-face interviews across five European countries. Results suggest that domestic production of food is an extrinsic cue for food safety and as consumers place increasing importance on food safety they are more interested in food produced in their own country. This, coupled with consumer trust in a strong, and independent national food standards agency, suggests the potential exists for the increased consumption of domestically produced foods.     

山东半岛海岸侵蚀成因及防治对策研究

山东半岛的海岸可分为淤泥质海岸、砂质海岸和基岩质海岸。目前,山东半岛的部分地区海岸侵蚀现象已非常严重,对人们的生产和生活造成了危害;通过研究海岸侵蚀现状,探讨了影响海岸侵蚀的各种因素以及海岸侵蚀造成的严重后果,并据此提出了相应的防治对策。     

Sparkling wine choice from supermarket shelves: the impact of certification of origin and production practices

We report the results of a study based on revealed and stated preference data on choice of Prosecco wines in retail stores close to the origin of production in Northern Italy. Emphasis is placed on ability to reconcile the utility structure of stated preference data with that underlying revealed preference data. We extend the analysis to cover nonattendance of key attributes, such as price and certification of origin, while controlling for the large range of brand effects.     

Detecting origin fraud with trade data: the case of U.S. honey imports*

Following the 2001 U.S. imposition of antidumping tariffs on imported honey from China and Argentina, industry press noted patterns of trade suggesting that honey was being transshipped to circumvent tariffs, origin fraud that was later uncovered in criminal cases. This article presents three approaches that use trade and production data to flag countries for possible instances of origin fraud and then compares these countries with those implicated in criminal cases and media reports. In our preferred empirical method, we also find that countries with higher corruption scores are more likely to show increases in suspicious trade patterns following the tariffs.     

Consumers’ preferences for fresh broccolis: interactive effects between country of origin and organic labels

While international trade in organic products has grown significantly, understanding consumers’ preferences for imported organic foods has remained limited. This research examines the impact of country‐of‐origin labeling on US consumers’ choices of organic foods. Results show that consumer valuation of domestically produced organic broccoli was significantly higher than that of imported organic broccoli. Adding information about USDA organic certification standards/rules for imported products mildly increases consumer valuation of imported organic broccoli in some cases. These findings suggest that providing such information may have a positive impact on consumer willingness to purchase imported organic products.     

内蒙古黄河水权配置政府留存水量的 逻辑缘起与运作模式研究

内蒙古黄河水权既未通过初始水权分配,也未通过水权交易配置政府留存水量,与内蒙古沿黄地区生态环境保护、重大项目建设和水权交易发展的现实不相匹配。为此,提出通过行政手段或市场手段在内蒙古黄河水权中配置政府留存水量,对政府留存水量实施流域管理和区域管理相结合的垂直管理模式并进行适时调整。     

Country of origin labeling for complex supply chains: the case for labeling the location of different supply chain links

We investigate the value of a country of origin label (COOL) that separately identifies the geographic location of different stages in a food product's supply chain. We estimate the willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) of U.S. consumers for a packaged cereal product where the key grain ingredient may be grown in one country and processed in a second country (multicountry supply chain) and compare it to equivalent products that have both stages located in a single country. We find consumer WTP for products with single‐country and multicountry supply chains are statistically different, meaning that simplifying a multicountry label by listing only the country where the ingredients are grown or only the country where the ingredients are processed can result in different consumer values. We also find that for countries with a poor quality reputation, consumers respond more negatively when that country has the “last touch” than when that country's involvement is limited to upstream supply chain links.     

Measuring the relative importance of preferences for country of origin in China, France, Niger, and the United States

Recent labeling policies in developed countries place new focus on origin labeling, especially country of origin labeling, for a variety of food products. It is not clear if this new emphasis on origin is the result of more ethnocentric consumer preferences for food. We measure consumer preferences for country of origin in four different international locations and one domestic control location using a conjoint experiment to test the null hypotheses that consumers do not have stronger own-country preferences. In addition, we compare the relative importance of consumer preferences for origin to their preferences for genetically modified food and pesticide-free production using attribute coefficients from within location ordered probit models. The study was conducted in China, France, Niger, and the United States. We find consumers tend to prefer food from their own location indicating ethnocentric tendencies do play a role in shaping country-of-origin preferences. Country of origin is generally less important to consumers than genetically modified food content and pesticide use in food production.     

Revisiting U.S. country of origin labeling trade damage estimates how does an equilibrium displacement model perform under different scenarios

Mexico and Canada successfully challenged the U.S. mandatory country of origin labeling (COOL) requirements for beef and pork as inconsistent with World Trade Organization (WTO) rules, which ultimately led to arbitration over the level of trade lost due to the COOL measure. During this phase of the dispute, Mexico, Canada, and the United States provided the Arbitration Panel with estimates of the trade losses caused by COOL that were produced using different quantitative methods. The U.S. estimates were based on an equilibrium displacement model (EDM). This article presents a version of the EDM used by the U.S. Government to calculate trade losses due to COOL. The Panel developed its own analysis combining econometric analysis and an EDM that used only supply-side information to calculate changes in Canadian and Mexican livestock trade. The U.S. EDM includes both the supply and demand sides of the market. We use the U.S. EDM and the Panel's assumptions to re-estimate the value of lost trade due to COOL. The inclusion of demand-side effects and domestic COOL costs produces lower estimated trade damages than those produced using the Panel's analysis, validating the EDM as a useful quantitative tool for this type of trade policy analysis.     

Consumer preferences for organic production methods and origin promotions on ornamental plants: evidence from eye‐tracking experiments

The strategic value of organic production and origin promotions may vary based on product end‐use. Conjoint analysis and eye‐tracking technology were used to investigate consumers’ purchase likelihood (PL) and visual search behavior for esthetic and food‐producing ornamental plants. Organic production methods, in‐state, and domestic origins positively impacted participants’ PL. Respondents’ visual attention to the organic production attribute had a strong positive effect on PL for food‐producing plants as did sociodemographic variables. Findings imply that producers and retailers could successfully implement signage emphasizing organic production methods and origin designations to generate consumer interest.     

流转林地利益调整的法律社会学分析

通过对林地使用权流转中出现的利益分配过低的案例分析,提出了目前集体林区林地使用权流转中出现的一个现有法律框架内难以解决的问题。在阐述林地的功能特性和概述法律社会学基本原理的基础上,指出遵循法律社会学的整体原则,充分发挥林地的政治功能,保证社会公平公正,维护弱势群体利益,促进社会和谐稳定发展的法律决策准则是流转林地利益调整的依据。     

关于水利部综合事业局经济发展模式的思考

水利部综合事业局不仅承担水利事业职能，开展水利事业性业务；同时还拥有较大规模的经营性资产，开展经营性投资活动。通过对内外部环境的分析和研究，探讨水利事业单位的发展机遇与挑战，提出相应的经济发展模式选择。     

民国时期救灾资源动员的多样化——以1931年水灾救治为例

民国时期,伴随社会经济的发展、大众传媒的兴盛、民间社会力量的强大,在灾害救治领域体现出较为浓烈的救灾资源捐助多元化的表征:一是捐助主体的多样化,如同乡会、同业公会、政界、实业界、宗教界、文化界、军界及大量个体等;二是捐助方式的多样化,如营业助赈、捐薪、娱乐助赈、书画助赈、礼仪助赈、广告捐助等。这些救灾主体和如此的捐助方式,从救灾层面凸现了民国这一多元化社会的奇特景观,对今天更好地做好灾害救治不无借鉴意义。     

农地整理可持续评价多目标物元模型的应用研究

研究农地整理可持续发展问题是土地资源持续性和经济社会生态持续发展的重要课题,而建立农地整理可持续发展评价体系对于保证耕地动态平衡以及农地整理可持续发展具有重要作用。根据农地整理可持续评价体系和目标的特点,建设性地改进可拓学物元评价方法为多目标物元评价方法,并通过实例验证此方法的可行性与可操作性。     

明溪县林业可持续发展的途径分析

本文在明确明溪县林业可持续发展定位的前提下,提出了实现这一定位的途径方法:以市场为导向,资源为基础,科技为手段,充分发挥林业从业人员的聪明才智。     

简论国际河流水权理论的构建

国际河流水权研究长期被忽略,成果较少.构建完善的国际河流水权理论是解决水冲突的关键.国际河流水权应界定为扣除生态需水量的水体所有权.以水权为基础建立流域国权利义务对等的法律关系不仅具有学术创新意义,对于维护我国国家利益也十分重要.     

世界水产品贸易变动分析

论文利用FAO渔业统计数据及COMTRADE数据并经整理,分析了1996～2010年世界水产品贸易,结果表明：世界水产品的进口市场主要在发达国家,而出口市场则为广大的发展中国家;生鲜水产品仍然占据着重要地位,水产深加工品的贸易地位不断上升,而初加工品的地位不断下滑;世界水产品进口市场集中度在不断下降;日本在世界水产品进口中的比重在不断下降,欧盟则不断上升,中国在世界水产品出口市场中的地位在不断上升,但出口的增速则在下降。最后．提出促进中国水产品出口的政策建议。