Voluntary Disclosure of Bad News

Abstract:   This paper shows that in a voluntary disclosure environment entailing both a fixed disclosure cost and a variable proprietary cost, partial disclosure equilibria may arise in which firms voluntarily disclose bad private information to the public. Furthermore, it is shown that such equilibria may arise more frequently as the threat of incuring proprietary cost increases and/or the proprietary cost itself increases.     

The Interpretation of Information and Corporate Disclosure Strategies

This paper analyzes a setting in which a firm's manager can credibly disclose facts, but not their valuation implications. Consequently, he is uncertain as to how those disclosed facts will be interpreted by investors. Introducing such uncertainty affects the manager's disclosure strategy in two important ways. First, it becomes a function of the market's prior valuation of the firm since that valuation provides a clue as to how future disclosures are likely to be interpreted by investors. Second, the disclosure strategy is no longer characterized, in general, by a single good news/bad news partition of the manager's private information.     

外汇高顺差形势下外汇统计监测应对策略探讨

在当前外汇收支统计监测中，资本项目和经常项目外汇收支相互融合，离岸外汇收支混入在岸外汇收支，个人跨境外汇收支流动增势迅猛。要加强外汇统计监测，就要加快设计和构建外汇信息统计监测体系，加强统计监测，建立各类监测分析的快捷反应机制。     

交易透明度与信息揭示制度：国际趋势与启示

由于经济文化环境、交易制度、市场结构，技术模式和投资者分布等方面的差异，不同交易所在交易信息揭示的种类，数量和程度方面有所区别。本文首先总结了采取指令驱动的主要交易所的交易信息揭示制度和市场透明度，在比基础上分析了交易所交易信息揭示制度变革与市场透明度的发展趋势．希望能对我国证券市场交易信息揭示制度的发展提供一点有益的借鉴和启示。     

关于经常项目下外汇真实性管理必要性的分析

经常项目外汇真实性管理作为我国外汇管理重要组成部分,与人民币逐步可兑换和当前我国汇率形成机制改革有着密切的联系。在经常项目可兑换后、资本项目可兑换前,出于对国际收支科学监管、防止资本项目混入经常项目、打击逃套汇与骗汇活动、反洗钱、保证外汇市场稳定以及国家税基真实安全的需要,经常项目外汇真实性管理作为我国外汇管理最重要一道“防火墙”仍有其存在的必要性。     

企业环境信息披露的理论基础透视

环境污染是目前人类遇到的最大挑战,而造成环境污染的主要原因则是企业的工业污染,对企业的环境信息进行披露是当前环境保护的一大法宝。从环境信息披露动机来看,有强制披露和自愿披露两种。但不论是何种动机,其表象之后有着深厚的理论基础。目前政府强制要求污染企业披露环境信息,其理论依据源于一是环境规制理论;二是环境公共信托理论。环境规制源于对环境问题的市场失灵,而环境公共信托理论则强调环境资源“万民共有”的法理。此外,企业会采取自愿披露环境信息的策略,其理论依据也有两点：一是利益相关者理论;二是组织合法性理论。利益相关者对环境信息的需求是推动企业主动披露环境信息的外在动力,而企业自愿披露环境信息的内在动力,则是为了获得组织合法性。     

On the Foreign Exchange Risk Premium in Sticky-Price General Equilibrium Models

The properties of the foreign exchange risk premium in general equilibrium models with sticky nominal pricesare examined. In these models, risk premiums arise endogenously because monetary shocks lead to covariationof consumption and exchange rates. In some cases, the risk premiums are much larger than those produced inneoclassical general equilibrium models.     

The Role of the Auditor in Modern Society: An Exploratory Essay

This paper examines competing proprietary and political cost arguments for incentives facing managers of different types of Australian and UK pension fund, to voluntarily disclose pension liability information in annual reports sent to their participants. For Australian defined benefit pension funds, the disclosure reveals the fund's actuarial surplus or deficit, which conveys information to participants about the pension fund's ability to generate future cash flows. Tests are conducted on the voluntary reporting practices of a sample of 119 Australian and 100 UK pension funds, using variables which prior research suggests affects their financial valuation and performance. The empirical results support predictions that managerial discretionary disclosure carries proprietary cost implications for Australian defined benefit pension funds, as proxied by their investment risk and funding ratio, and political cost implications for Australian defined contribution and UK defined benefit pension funds, as proxied by their size.     

基于现金流模型的我国旅游业外汇风险暴露研究

汇率变动导致的国际市场需求变化会引起旅游业的外汇风险暴露。通过构建基于需求的经营性外汇风险暴露模型（经营性现金流模型）和旅游业加权汇率指数（TTWI）,采用2005—2011年国内上市旅游公司的数据,对我国旅游公司的经营性现金流进行实证分析。研究发现,有很大比例旅游公司的经营性活动暴露于外汇风险之下,其外汇风险暴露形式呈现出非线性、非对称和滞后性的特征。旅游公司在管理外汇风险暴露时,可通过投资于外币资产或使用外币负债在总现金流上分散汇率风险。     

人民币汇制改革对我国商业银行风险管理的挑战

国际银行业在长期浮动汇率的实践中积累出一套成熟而完善的防范汇率风险的经验做法。与此形成鲜明对照的是,长期稳定的人民币汇率使得国内商业银行缺乏必要的外汇风险管理的经验和技能。而2005年7月以来央行出台的改革人民币汇率形成机制、发展外汇市场的举措使商业银行的信用风险、流动性风险、会计风险及外汇交易风险随之增大,对商业银行的经营机制和风险管理带来了新的挑战。商业银行既要采取积极措施,化解因人民币升值而引起的信用风险、流动性风险等,更应借鉴国际银行业的先进做法,尽快建立完善的风险管理体系,以应对更富弹性的人民币汇率。     

Modeling Foreign Exchange Risk Premium in Armenia

This paper applies stochastic discount factor methodology to modeling the foreign exchange risk premium in Armenia. We use weekly data on foreign and domestic currency deposits, which coexist in the Armenian banking system. This coexistence implies elimination of the cross-country risks and transaction costs, leaving the pure foreign exchange risk. It is shown that there exists a systematic time-varying risk premium that increases with maturity. Using two-currency affine term structure and generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH)-in-mean models, we find that the central bank's foreign exchange market interventions and ratio-of-deposit volumes significantly affect public expectations about foreign exchange fluctuations. We also find that the foreign exchange risk premium accounts for the largest part of the interest differential. When accounting for economic and institutional differences, our results can be extended to other countries.     

外汇管理部门支持宁夏涉外经济的思考

调查发现,宁夏涉外经济发展中存在的困难和问题是：总量太小,结构失衡;缺少大型国际生产出口企业,资源依赖性强;国际市场复杂性增大,国内竞争加剧。因此,外汇管理部门应积极参与重点领域改革,支持涉外企业加快发展;加快外汇市场发展,支持开展跨境贸易人民币结算试点;扎实落实进口核销改革政策,支持能源及原材料进口,改善宁夏贸易进出口结构。     

以新思维审视中国外汇储备风险

外汇储备是一国国际经济活动往来形成的特殊的外币债权,中国经常项目、资本和金融项目的特点以及热钱的大规模流入决定了中国当前的外汇储备存在一定的不稳定因素。过多的外汇储备必将产生较大的机会成本风险,并且面临着较大且频繁的汇率风险以及境外金融机构倒闭和资产价格波动的风险,给国内的流动性控制和金融调控带来诸多的困难,增加了贸易摩擦的频率。要审时度势,通过加快国内经济结构调整、鼓励走出去、多元化运作储备资产等形式规避中国外汇储备所面临的风险。     

The Rise and Fall of Foreign Exchange Market Intervention as a Policy Tool

The premise of the paper is that the fervor for foreign exchange market intervention by U.S, and European monetary authorities has ebbed in recent years. A pattern of initial belief in the effectiveness of foreign exchange market intervention has recently been eroded, as is revealed by the absence of intervention in circumstances that in earlier times would have invoked it. Only the Bank of Japan among central banks of the developed world has not thusfar abandoned its faith that intervention can change the relative value of the yen as determined by market forces to conform with its notion of what that value should be. To explain why U.S. and European monetary authorities no longer believe that intervention is a tool that works, I review the equivocal record of past episodes, the inconclusive results of empirical research, and the problems of implementation that intervention advocates ignore.     

对我国外汇储备规模、结构及利用的探讨

自2006年我国外汇储备超过日本成为世界第一储备大国之后,至2010年底的短短4年时间,已超过2.8万亿美元。巨额的外汇储备固然证明综合国力的强大,对确保国际支付、汇率调控和社会经济安全等十分有利,但也会带来外汇储备成本高、外汇资产利用效率低、引起国际经济贸易摩擦等一系列负面影响。为此,确定一个适度的储备规模,调整好储备资产结构,合理有效地利用超额外汇储备去改善国内经济和产业结构,进一步开拓国际商品和资本市场,是符合科学发展观,促进我国经济又好又快地可持续发展的明智之举。     

我国外汇储备运用方式探析

截至2009年6月末,我国外汇储备突破2万亿美元,随着其近年来的快速增长,关于外汇储备运用的争论也日益激烈。本文通过分析我国外汇储备的性质,逐一研究现有各种方案的可行性,最后提出合理的运用建议,认为投资美元债券仍是当前主要的主要运用方式,但长期来看应配置多元化。     

中国外汇储备增长的新特征

学术界过去通常认为,中国官方外汇储备积累快速增长的直接原因是中国国际收支的“双顺差”,即同时出现的显著规模的经常账户顺差与金融账户顺差,其中经常账户顺差主要由货物贸易顺差所引致。仔细检查近年来中国国际收支数据,人们可以发现,中国金融账户平衡有着显著的波动性;贸易顺差对经常账户顺差的贡献度呈现下降趋势;经常账户顺差中来自投资收益的比重在上升。进一步推论,投资收益逐渐成为经常账户顺差的一个重要来源,而经常账户顺差是官方外汇储备的主要来源。由于投资收益顺差直接来自于中国国际投资净头寸,其中官方外汇储备是最重要之构成,所以,外汇储备积累所产生的收益也成为自身不断增长的一个新来源。     

Foreign Exchange Market Volatility in Southeast Asia

The time-varying volatility and volatility transmission in Asian foreign exchange markets are investigated in this paper. It has been found that the time-varying volatility and volatility transmission are all prominent in these markets. Moreover, variance simulation is carried out and the structure of covariance matrices examined, revealing the characteristics of Asian foreign exchange markets and offering explanations to the findings.     

金融危机背景下外汇储备合理利用问题的探讨

截至2009年一季度末,我国外汇储备已经超过2万亿美元,在金融危机的大背景下,面对美元的大幅贬值,如何合理利用我国巨额外汇储备成为人们关注的焦点问题。本文首先论述了对外汇储备的正确认识,并讨论了高额的外汇储备对我国国民经济带来的风险,最后从合理利用外汇储备的角度提出了一系列的政策建议,认为当前应利用高额的外汇储备来建立国家物资储备和国家主权养老基金,成立国家外汇投资公司或者建立外汇平准基金等。     

Stock Price Reaction to Evidence of Earnings Management: Implications for Supplementary Financial Disclosure

We condition security price reactions to quarterly earnings announcements on whether firms disclose supplementary balance sheet and/or cashflow information that can be used to estimate the consequences of earnings management. Disclosure of supplementary information is voluntary, and thus, we consider the possibility that firms that disclose balance sheet and/or cashflow information differ systematically from firms that do not disclose. Results indicate that investors discount evidence of earnings management at the disclosure date when supplementary information is disclosed. Such results indicate more informed earnings interpretations of quarterly earnings when firms provide balance sheet and/or cashflow information concurrently.