大都市郊区化下的社会空间分异、社区碎化与治理

本文运用城市空间公正的社会论观点,从城市生活空间质量观的角度,分析中外国家城市郊区化的社会内涵、机制与社会空间分异现象.在对中国快速郊区化过程中大城市郊区社区碎化的现状和原因分析的基础上,提出对应空间治理措施.     

中国城市学区绅士化及其社会空间效应

城市公共服务设施不均衡是引发城市社会空间分异的原因之一。教育设施的差序格局与社会阶层分化共同推进了城市居住空间分异演化格局的细分化,进而产生重构中国城市社会空间的力量之一:学区绅士化现象。在分析转型期中国社会空间分异特征的基础上,介绍国外教育设施与社会空间分异关系的研究热点,分析了中国城市教育设施不均衡及其引发的学区绅士化现象,认为学区绅士化现象存在值得思考的负面效应与社会风险,包括优质教育资源的"空间俱乐部化"、城市公共服务供给的非均衡格局与居住空间分异格局的加剧等。     

城市社区空间私有化的产生机制及发展趋势——以国外封闭社区为研究对象

自20世纪70年代中期以来,西方欧美国家城市空间出现了一种正在扩大的现象--社区空间私有化.以封闭社区(galed communities)为代表的空间私有化现象在欧美国家急剧蔓延,这已成为后现代城市化、全球化的特殊现象.封闭社区的蔓延对城市社会、经济、政治等诸多方面产生了极大影响,对城市规划与管理也提出了新的挑战.在对国外相关研究成果总结的基础上,对封闭社区的类型、特点及生态演变机制进行总结分析,旨在为我国的相关研究提供比较与经验借鉴.     

城市社区邻里关系的空间效应

邻里关系与空间形式息息相关.我国当前的城市社区建设,应当充分发挥空间设置对邻里关系的促进作用.传统社区改造在保持公共空间的基础上,应加强空间私密性;新型社区在保证私密性的基础上,应强化公共空间的建设.     

城市居住空间分异与共生的区别及启示

居住空间分异与共生的本质区别是,分异体现了城市居民在居住上的不平等,是支付能力极化和居民社会特性共同作用的结果.而共生是一种理想的居住空间状态.通过对二者的居住空间内涵和形成过程进行区分,对我国现实情况的启示是,要解决我国已经出现的空间分异问题要从其形成机理入手,并最终引导城市居住空间向共生模式发展.     

我国对城市社区分异的研究综述

本文通过对我国近20年有关城市社区分异研究的系统总结,论述了城市社区分异的社会和地域背景;在对城市社区分异的具体影响因素分析前提下,得出城市社区分异的三大机制,并指出城市社区分异的类型和分异趋势、分异中出现的问题及对策.     

城市门禁社区兴起的深层机理

我国现代门禁社区是在社会经济转型的背景下出现的,并与西方门禁社区存在着诸多差异,特别是在流行的原因上,表现出明显的中国化特征。借鉴多种理论,从多个视角探讨了门禁社区在中国流行的深层的经济、社会、政治与文化机理。认为中国城市门禁社区的出现是由转型期特殊的社会生产关系所决定的,社会力量、经济力量、政府力量和个人力量共同推动着门禁社区的形成与发展。     

经济适用房空间分布对居住空间分异的影响——以武汉市为例

通过对1999年至2007年武汉市经济适用房建设和分布情况的分析,初步探究了武汉市经济适用房建设和空间分布情况的变化特点,着重分析了2007年武汉市在建的经济适用房项目空间分布"集中化"和"边缘化"的新特点.结论为,城市经济适用房的合理分布,能够避免"经济适用房阶层"的空间、心理隔离以及社会地位的边缘化.     

城市空间生产过程中的社会排斥

城市空间不仅是物理空间,也具有一定的社会属性。中国的社会变迁在城市空间生产过程中留下了深刻的烙印,从建国初期的较为均等的城市空间分配到改革开放后的城市空间分异,都体现了当时的社会管理体制、社会关系结构及其变迁。分析了变迁过程中存在的基于结构和个体层面的双重空间社会排斥,并指出这两方面的排斥力造成了目前城市空间分异的现象。     

阜新市经济转型期社会空间分异研究

本文从转型前阜新市的社会经济情况到转型中阜新市的社会经济情况对转型期阜新市社会空间结构演变进行分析,同时通过对影响社会空间的三项指标即人口收入、受教育程度、和失业率的社会空间进行研究分析,最后总结出推动阜新市社会空间分异因素。     

城市居住空间的分化、排斥与整合——以南京市东山新区为例

在城市化与居住郊区化的进程中,居住空间分化是难以避免的社会与地理现象。试图将居住社区的空间分化与社会排斥勾连起来,从空间可及性控制角度切入探析社会排斥问题,并结合实证调研的成果对这些问题加以描述和分析。最后在借鉴新城市主义社区规划思想的基础上,提出居住社区空间整合的对策。     

Relating a City's History and Geography with Bourdieu: One Hundred Years of Spatial Distinction in Tel Aviv

This article advances a conceptualization of spatial distinction that, following Bourdieu, relates principles of division in ‘social space’ with formations of segregation in urban space. It applies this interpretive framework to concisely narrate the one hundred years' history of spatial distinction in Tel Aviv. Analyzing five moments in the city's development, it focuses on a dominant principle of distinction in each period and its ensuing segregations: predominantly ethno‐national (Jewish–Arab) distinction that established Tel Aviv in opposition to Jaffa at the turn of the twentieth century; nuanced ethno‐class distinction that shaped the city's rapid growth in the 1920s–30s and created an elaborate socio‐spatial hierarchy of neighborhoods; institutionalized distinction that governed the collective supply of housing in the 1930s–40s, evolving into a complex system of housing classifications; ‘distinction‐by‐distance’ through exclusive suburbanization and the emergence of a metropolitan scale of distinction in the 1950s–70s; and a ‘back‐to‐the‐center’ strategy of distinction by way of gentrification in the 1980s–90s and within gated residential enclaves at the beginning of the twenty‐first century. Through this concise history, various principles, mechanisms and scales of spatial distinction are elaborated upon, as a way to think about the socially constructed, historically contingent and continuously changing divisions and segregations in cities.     

消费景观与高档住区:上海新城市空间格局分析

随着上海城市的发展和国际化程度的日益提高,城市中不断涌现出新消费景观和高档住区,这两者不仅具有空间上的毗邻性,在形成上也具有密切的联系.基于对若干高档住区的实地考察及与相关政府部门及房地产开发企业的访谈,从政府、企业和消费者三个角度探讨了上海城市新消费景观与高档住区形成之间的因果关联性.消费景观与高档住区相伴而生并导致了上海住区的分化,其间隐藏着经济、社会和环境资源分配的不平等,不利于城市的和谐稳定发展.     

Social mix policies in Paris: discourses, policies and social effects

Since the 1980s, the issue of social mix has become a public policy category in France. Enshrined in legislation, yet remaining controversial, it represents a major premise on which housing policies have been reconfigured. The concept of social mix is essentially based on who lives where, but it is also evoked in the context of urban renewal schemes for social housing estates, as well as in relation to new-build developments. A study of the bases of social mix policies conducted in Paris since 2001 in the context of the embourgeoisement of the capital shows the fundamental role of social housing stock. The City Council has become involved in policy decisions about both the location and the allocation of social housing. Particular attention has been paid to the middle classes in the name of the principle of ‘balancing the population’. In order to measure the effects of the policy, this article relies on an analysis of two City of Paris schemes that have the stated intent of creating social mix. One of these schemes consists of redeveloping a working-class neighbourhood, Goutte d'Or, while the other involves the new acquisition of social housing in various more affluent neighbourhoods in the capital. This comparative study of the population shows that, whether in a neighbourhood poised for gentrification or in a more affluent neighbourhood, this policy has major effects on forms of local social cohesion, setting in motion individual trajectories and reshaping social and/or ethnic identities.     

The embedding process of community ventures: creating a music festival in a rural community

Community entrepreneurship is a potentially powerful mechanism to improve the well-being of rural communities. To mobilize inhabitants for collective action, an emerging community venture must be embedded within a local community. Yet, the embedding process of community ventures is not well understood. Accordingly, this study explores how a community entrepreneur (CE) embedded an emerging community venture into a rural community and simultaneously stimulated social change in the community. Drawing on a longitudinal case study of a CE who created a jazz music festival in a rural Norwegian community, a dynamic conceptual framework was developed that highlights the roles and mechanisms that support the embedding process. The CE promoted social change by introducing external impulses to the local community and assumed a bridging role between the villagers and external actors in the embedding process. Some villagers assumed local embedding roles, while several external actors assumed external embedding roles. I identified four strategies that were used to increase the embeddedness of the community venture in the rural community and one strategy that was used by the CE to de-embed the venture in order to avoid constraints imposed by the local community. The importance of the different roles and mechanisms changed over time.     

企业社会责任与城市社区建设

通过对企业的社区责任水平与企业特征之间的关系进行统计分析表明,经济效益与企业的社区责任水平呈正相关关系。在社区责任水平上,小型企业与大型企业不存在差异;服务型企业与生产型企业、外资企业与民营企业和国有控股企业存在显著差异。我国企业参与社区建设的行为具有明显的经济取向,受制度环境的影响,整体参与水平较低。转变政府职能,培养社会自组织能力,加强制度建设,提高企业的社区意识将是社区建设政策目标实现的重要路径。     

社区公共事务的分类与治理机制

走出社区行政化困境,必须突破社区管理的部门垄断制,实现社区公共事务分类治理,其关键是明确界分政府组织、社区组织和非营利组织之间的功能边界,具体路径是重新细分社区公共事务,不同事务采取不同的治理机制,其中社区行政事务采取行政机制,社区公共服务主要采取准市场机制,社区自治事务采取自治机制。