破解农村土地制度改革和两权抵押贷款试点的实践障碍与法律约束：江西视角

江西省在大力推进农村土地制度改革和两权抵押贷款试点的过程中,遇到不少实践障碍和法律约束,主要表现有确权登记难操作、流转机制不顺畅、抵押价值难确定、处置变现受约束、风险高企有顾虑,尤其是现有法律法规对农村土地承包经营权、农村宅基地和农村住房流转,以及两权抵押贷款业务的限制性约束更是成为农村土地制度改革推进的瓶颈制约,急需在制度设计和执行层面进行突破,在政策鼓励和引导方面加大力度。     

破解两权抵押贷款的实践约束：江西视角

江西省在大力推进两权抵押贷款试点的过程中,遇到不少实践障碍和法律约束,主要表现抵押价值难确定、处置变现受约束、风险高企有顾虑,尤其是现有法律法规对两权抵押贷款业务的限制性约束更是成为推动两权抵押贷款的瓶颈制约,急需在制度设计和执行层面进行突破。     

农村"三权"抵押贷款发展困境与对策 ——以湖南省永州市为例

农村"三权"抵押贷款是指农村土地承包经营权、农村居民房屋和林权这三类资产到金融机构进行抵押获得的贷款.农村"三权"抵押贷款是农村金融服务中较为薄弱的环节,是一块难啃的"硬骨头".本文通过对湖南省永州市农村"三权"抵押贷款业务现状的分析,探寻制约其发展的现实困境,并在此基础上提出相关对策建议.     

青海省“两权”抵押贷款试点实践与思考

自2016年全国"两权"抵押贷款试点工作开展以来,青海省结合实际,积极推动试点工作开展,由于"两权"抵押自身的复杂性,在推进过程中暴露出一些问题。本文从青海省试点地区工作出发,总结了青海省试点工作的一些做法、成效和困难,分析了"两权"抵押工作中出现的问题及原因,并提出相关政策建议。     

金融机构“两权”抵押贷款决策影响因素分析

本文从金融机构"两权"抵押贷款决策模型出发,对金融机构"两权"抵押贷款决策的影响因素进行理论分析。同时结合实际情况,对影响金融机构"两权"抵押贷款决策的因素进行现实分析。结果显示,当前,"两权"确权登记进展缓慢,土地、宅基地价值评估体系发展滞后等原因,金融机构开展此业务的意愿不强。     

对县域开展“两权”抵押贷款相关问题的调查

为了加大"两权"抵押贷款推进步伐,及时掌握县域土地承包经营权、农房财产权流转和抵押贷款总体进展情况,结合区域"两权"抵押贷款开展现状,我们对县域金融机构支持"两权"抵押和服务情况进行了深入调查。     

县域"两权"抵押贷款发展情况调查 ——以石家庄市藁城区为例

《农民住房财产权抵押贷款试点暂行办法》、《农村承包土地经营权抵押贷款试点暂行办法》已正式出台,为全面了解"两权"工作进展情况、当地政府重视程度、新型农业主体对开展"两权"抵押贷款期望度以及金融机构在开办过程中存在的问题,人民银行藁城支行深入辖区金融机构及相关单位进行了调查.     

关于“两权抵押”法律矛盾和银行困境的思考

国务院印发《关于开展农村承包土地的经营权和农民住房财产权抵押贷款试点的指导意见》(以下简称《指导意见》)中明确要求推进农村承包土地经营权和农民住房财产权抵押贷款试点工作,同时也提出"要求两权抵押工作指导小组,要取得法律授权,制定具体管理办法,加强跟踪指导"。"两权抵押"贷款政策出台对盘活农村沉睡资产,帮助农民增收,加快农村发展,破解农村融资瓶颈起到了积极作用,但是在法律层面面临较大障碍,易使政策在实施过程中越线,埋下经济和法律纠纷的种子。     

农村土地经营权抵押融资改革的制度障碍及法律建议

当前农村土地抵押融资改革突破了现行法律的束缚,但同时存在经营权法律性质不明晰、登记确认颁证等配套制度不完善、社会保障机制缺位、政策与市场规律不协调、抵押权与农村土地安全冲突等问题.本文建议在坚持稳定农村土地承包关系和保护农民合法权益的基础上,适时修改《物权法》等法律法规,完善确权登记和抵押登记制度、农业保险制度和社会保障法律机制;保护农户和经营者的公平融资权利;尊重市场规律,引入农村土地经营权的价值评估机制;保障农户和农村集体经济组织的优先购买权,合理限制抵押权再流转的土地用途.     

县域金融开办“两权”抵押贷款难点探析

党的十七届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于推进农村改革发展若干重大问题的决定》(以下简称《决定》),拉开了新一轮土地制度改革序幕,本文选取文登市作为山东威海市县域经济代表,对其开办农村土地承包经营权和宅基地使用权(以下简称"两权")抵押的情况进行分析,认为目前"两权"抵押贷款面临规模经济效率低下、缺少法律保障等主要障碍,并提出相关政策建议。     

知识产权质押贷款的法律风险及防范

一、知识产权质押贷款中的法律风险 知识产权质押贷款中的法律风险确切地说是金融风险的法律方面。凡是在贷款期间，足以导致质物的价值减少、消失、转移，或者担保权无法实现的法律事实，都叫法律风险。其中可以分为两大类：一类是质物既存的瑕疵；另一类是质物或者担保物在贷款期间发生的既发性的一些法律事件、法律事实或者法律行为，比如法律的变更，或者专利被他人申请宣告无效等，从而导致银行拿到的质物变成空质，或者价值极剧减少。这两类法律风险具体表现为以下方面：     

Racial Discrimination and Mortgage Lending

Looking at a sample of conventional fixed-rate mortgages, this paper examines whether lending practices are consistent with the competitive hypothesis that the racial and ethnic composition of the borrower??s neighborhood affects the contract rate charged only to the extent that these characteristics objectively influence the probability of the loan defaulting or prepaying. Our results, however, reject this hypothesis, showing instead that borrowers in predominantly black neighborhoods pay a significantly higher contract rate than is consistent with evidence of their behavior.     

The Economics of Low-Income Mortgage Lending

The presumption that mortgage markets for low-income borrowers and neighborhoods are underserved by lenders has led to a variety of increased government interventions on the supply side of the housing market. Although many studies of low-income lending at the neighborhood level have been published, none is from the firm's perspective. We adopt such a framework to test the twin propositions that the low-income mortgage market is no different from the non-low-income mortgage market and that the low-income mortgage market is underserved.We examine empirically whether the operating costs including credit losses, revenues, and profits of savings and loan institutions engaged in more low-income lending differ systematically from those that do less low-income lending. We find that firms engaged in more low-income mortgage lending have higher costs than those engaged in less low-income lending, which is consistent with higher credit risk for low-income loans. Nevertheless, these firms are no more profitable than those that do less low-income lending, which is inconsistent with a market for low-income mortgage lending that is currently underserved.     

The Neighborhood Distribution of Subprime Mortgage Lending

Subprime lending in the residential mortgage market, characterized by relatively high credit risk and interest rates or fees, has developed over the past decade into a prominent segment of the market (Temkin, 2000). Recent research indicates that there is geographical concentration of subprime mortgages in Census tracts where there are high concentrations of low-income and minority households. The growth in subprime lending represents an expansion in the supply of mortgage credit among households who do not meet prime market underwriting standards. Nonetheless, its apparent concentration in minority and lower income neighborhoods has generated concerns that these households may not be obtaining equal opportunity in the prime mortgage market. Such lending may undermine revitalization to the extent that it is associated with so-called predatory practices.     

Mortgage Lending, Race, and Model Specification

This study examines the role of race in home mortgage lending by investigating the sensitivity of race estimates to variations in model specification. I compare parameter estimates based on a statistical model utilized by the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, using a subset of the data that corresponds to FDIC-supervised institutions, with estimates obtained from several alternative variations specified to reflect information obtained from reviews of the mortgage loan application files. Estimates of the race effect are shown to be highly sensitive to the assumptions that underlie the model; minor modifications in model specification are sufficient to eliminate the race effect. The empirical results suggest that the statistical models used to evaluate the impact of race in mortgage lending may not provide reliable information about lending bias.     

The Community Reinvestment Act and Targeted Mortgage Lending

We analyze residential mortgage lending by banks in periods surrounding upgrades or downgrades in their ratings under the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA). Empirical results indicate that upgraded banks had higher relative levels of lending than did downgraded banks prior to ratings changes. Additionally, both downgraded and upgraded banks increased lending following implementation of reforms to the CRA in the 1990s, which were intended to more closely align rating assessment with lending outcomes. Little support is provided, on the other hand, for a hypothesis that banks respond to downgrades by increasing lending (despite apparent incentives for them to do so).     

在建工程抵押贷款存在的法律缺陷及风险防范

本通过分析现行法律法规，指出在建工程抵押贷款存在的法律缺陷及可能给银行带来的风险，并提出防范风险的主要措施。     

私人银行业务发展的法律障碍及对策

私人银行业务在发展过程中,遇到了内部、社会、法律等多个方面的障碍。中国私人银行业务的发展需要监管部门的严格监督、立法部门的法律完善以及相关金融机构的大力协助,在外汇、反洗钱、境外投资等领域取得更大的进步。同时,私人银行也应当关注这种新兴服务方式带来的法律风险,采取合理有效的措施加以防范和化解,包括:建立和完善法律风险管理系统、技术系统与人员支持系统,通过特别机制鼓励银行积极承担反洗钱义务,实行混业经营、统一监管,放松外汇管制,规范境外投资,制定专门法律规范。     

农民住房财产权抵押的阻碍与对策分析--以吉林省长春市九台区为例

2015年8月,国务院印发《关于开展农村承包土地的经营权和农民住房财产权抵押贷款试点的指导意见》(国发【2015】45号)。2015年12月,长春市九台区被确定为全国首批农民住房财产权抵押贷款试点区,本文基于九台市的现实情况分析了该项改革可能面临的困难以及对策建议。     

Do Predatory Lending Laws Influence Mortgage Lending? An Analysis of the North Carolina Predatory Lending Law

In this paper, we examine the effect of the 1999 North Carolina predatory lending law on mortgage activity in that state as compared to other states in the Southeastern United States. Using 1998–2000 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data, we find that the North Carolina law reduced the overall level of subprime mortgage lending activity. Furthermore, we find that the North Carolina decline was caused by a decline in loan application volume and not by a change in loan denial rates, suggesting less aggressive marketing in that state after the imposition of the law. Finally, the impact of the legislation was different by both the type of financial service provider and borrower. Specifically, non-bank subprime lending contracted faster in North Carolina when compared to the control group, while both minority and low-income applicants were also less likely to get loans following the legislation. These results have wide ranging policy implications given that several predatory lending proposals are currently before Congress, as well as proposed in almost forty other states.