我国农民收入增长缓慢的原因与对策分析

近年来来,我国农民收入增长缓慢.在后金融危机时代,农民收入增长缓慢不仅影响农民购买力的提高,制约农民生活质量的改善,而且还会减少国内总需求,不利于国民经济的长期健康运行.本文运用实证研究法,分析了农村物质资本投入、人力资本投入与农业剩余劳动力转移和农民收入增长之间的关系.鉴于物质资本投入对农民收入增长的作用不明显,而人力资本投入与农业剩余劳动力转移是近年来影响农民收入增长快慢的两个重要因素,为了加快农民收入增长速度,一方面要进一步改革,努力消除各种阻碍或者不利于农业剩余劳动力向非农产业转移的因素,另一方面要加大对农村人力资本的投入.     

我国农村人力资本投资与农民增收的相关性分析

农业、农村与农民问题(通常称为"三农问题")一直是困扰中国现代化建设的"瓶颈"难题.而"三农"问题的关键是农民问题.被誉为"人力资本之父"的美国经济学家西奥多·舒尔茨在长期的农业经济研究中发现,从20世纪初到50年代,促使美国农业生产率迅速提高和农业产量迅速增加的重要原因,已经不再是土地、劳动力数量或资本存量的增加,而是人的知识、能力和技术水平的提高.基于此,舒尔茨提出了"人力资本"理论,强调人口的素质或质量对于经济发展的重要作用:人力资本已取代物质资本成为决定经济发展和国家贫富的关键.随着社会经济的发展,人力资本对经济发展的贡献率不断上升.因此,当今社会报酬递增的源泉在于技术进步、人力资本积累和经济制度创新.由此可见,加快农村经济发展和提高农民收入,离不开人力资本投资.     

长三角农民收入时空分异及驱动机制分析

[目的]通过研究2000年以来长三角农民收入时空分异与驱动机制,为乡村振兴战略背景下长三角农民增收及城乡融合提供理论参考及实践借鉴。[方法]文章通过GIS-ESDA模型揭示2000年以来长三角农民收入时空格局及分异特征,并运用Tobit回归模型分析长三角农民收入分异影响因素与驱动机制。[结果](1) 2000年以来长三角农民收入水平总体上呈现出持续上升态势,其中工资性收入是长三角农民收入结构中最重要来源。(2)长三角农民收入全局表现出"集聚式"空间关联;局部农民收入H-H关联区集聚在苏锡沪,并不断向杭州、嘉兴等地演化,L-L关联区集聚在苏中地区扬州、泰州;长三角农民收入空间关联格局自组织性越来越强,东南—西北方向上农民收入呈现"峰型"结构。(3)城镇化、产业结构、人力资本、农业科技进步及农业政策是影响研究期长三角农民收入时空分异的主要驱动力。[结论]从优化农村产业结构、推进特色小镇建设、提高农民职业技能及创新城乡融合发展制度等方面提出促进长三角地区农民持续增收、乡村振兴发展的政策建议。     

解决农民收入增长持续缓慢的路径选择

解决农民收入增长持续缓慢问题,事关国民经济和社会稳定大局.但是,由于受农村土地制度不完善、农村物质与人力资本长期投入不足等因素的影响,农民收入增长率基本上呈下降趋势,城乡居民收入差距呈现逐步扩大之势.在当前的时代背景下,要使农民收入持续快速增长,就必须破除体制障碍,加快土地制度创新,增加物资资本和人力资本投入.     

新疆农民收入的影响因素分析

促进农民收入增长是"三农"工作的核心,新疆是我国农业、畜牧业的大省,新疆农业和农村的发展,不仅影响农民收入的增长,也会影响新疆经济的进一步发展,文章通过分析新疆农民收入的影响因素,选取了相应影响变量的年度统计数据对新疆农民收入进行了回归分析,指出影响新疆农民收入的显著变量,并提出增加农民收入的对策建议。     

农村合作社:促农增收的一条重要途径

农业、农村、农民问题,归根到底是农民问题,农民收入水平低,增长缓慢,是我国现阶段国民经济全局发展中的一个难题。所以,全面建设小康社会要以增加农民收入作为工作的重要环节。认识农民收入状况,寻找保农增收途径,把握农民增收的工作重点,就成为当前最具理论和现实意义的课题 一、制约农民增收的因素 大量的研究资料表明;农民收入的增长受到农业内部和外部因素的多种制约。从农业外部分析,国家长则执行的户籍制度限制了农民向城市的流动、使农民的人均资源占有量不断减少,劳动生产率低,这是体制问题;对农村农业的投入少,使农业基础设施建     

农民收入增长的影响因素及对策分析

农民收入增长与否从小的方面讲，属于“三农”问题，从大的方面看，它不仅是一个经济问题，也是社会问题，同时还涉及到制度改革；而且农民收入涵盖了经济发展、技术进步、制度变迁等内容，是农业与非农业，经济与社会密切相关的系统工程。因此影响农民收入增长的因素很多，但概括起来，笔者认为具体包括农业内部要素投入环境及农业外部经济、体制、社会等因素。一、农业内部影响农民收入增长的因素分析（一）农业资源禀赋影响农民收入１．耕地资源极度稀缺影响农民收入增长。我国属于人均耕地资源极度稀缺的国家，根据全国土地利用现状调查…     

提升农民专业合作社盈利水平的途径分析

农民专业合作社是促进农户增收的制度安排,通过提高农户的组织化获得产品价值链中更多的收益。价值分配合作社盈利和发展的基础,是多数合作社利用组织规模优势能够实现,但不能对整体经济的增长做出贡献,而且在市场竞争趋于激烈、组织规模效应递减的影响下不具有长期优势;能够为经济增长带来贡献的价值创造才能使合作社获得长期发展的潜力和竞争优势。价值创造在于突破传统生产要素配置的低水平均衡,引入制度创新、技术创新、人力资本投资等新的生产要素提升农业生产效率,创造农产品价值,贡献于经济增长。合作社为农业发展引入新的生产要素提供了组织条件,实现农产品价值的创造途径在于激励农户投入资本的制度安排、农业新技术的应用以及农户人力资本的投资。     

城市化对农民收入增长的影响机制研究

农民收入的增长对于中国经济社会的发展具有重要意义,目前我国已经进入依靠城市化推动经济增长阶段,城市化对农民收入的增长起到至关重要作用。本文运用1978~2013年数据研究了城市化与农民收入增长的相互关系以及作用机理,研究结果表明城市化对增加农民收入具有正向推动作用,而城市化对农民收入增加的影响是通过影响劳动型技术替代、土地型技术替代、人均资本存量、农村人力资本情况、政府涉农支出、一产比重等渠道来实现的。     

加强农民职业、继续教育，增加农民收入

1998-2001年4年间,农民收入的增长连续下滑,农民收入增长缓慢是当前我国农业和农村问题中的首要难题,将严重制约着我国工业化、城市化和现代化进程,我国经济难以持续、快速、稳定增长,还会影响社会稳定和发展进步。分析现阶段农民收入增长缓慢的原因,就是为了分析、解决我国农业及社会存在的深层次矛盾。分析农民收入增长缓慢的主要原因,并通过加强农民职业教育和继续教育,推动农村科技进步,发展效益农业,增加农民收入,正是贯彻落实江泽民同志关于“三个代表”的重要思想,迎接经济全球化和市场信息一体化的正确选择。提高农民素质、增加农民收入,是当前科教兴农的主要课题和中心任务之一。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.