人民币贬值:理性的选择

本文立足于国际国内经济环境的变化 ,从协调国内政策、改善出口、减轻债务负担、吸引国外直接投资等方面对人民币贬值进行了必要性分析 ,从央行可操作性、周边地区经济状况、对美贸易关系等方面进行人民币贬值可行性分析 ,在此基础上对反对观点进行了简洁的反驳 ,得出结论 :人民币贬值是目前较优的政策选择 ,是理性的选择。     

The Dynamics of Productivity: A Decompostion Approach Using Distribution Functions

In this paper we use a micro panel data set of Spanish manufacturing firms to measure the contributions of continuing firms and turnover to total factor productivity growth over the period 1990–1997. The paper proposes an approach to the decomposition of productivity growth that is based on the estimation of productivity distributions. We characterize the dynamics of productivity distributions defining counterfactual distributions and using non-parametric methods. The results we obtain indicate that incumbent firms are the main factor contributing to the change in the productivity distribution. Net entry contributes positively to TFP growth. Finally, changes in the relative weights of incumbent, entering and exiting firms produce a counter-cyclical movement of productivity.     

法治:中国理性道路的选择

依法治国,建设社会主义法制国家,是邓小平民主法制思想的精髓,是中国特色社会主义现代化建设的重要组成部分。邓小平的法治框架坚持依法治国和以德治国相结合,以人民和政府为法治的动力,以严格依法行政为法治的关键,在价值取向上坚持以人为本,促进人的全面发展。第四次宪法修正案的出台进一步表明了我们党和人民坚持依法治国道路的决心,是我国法治建设成果的结晶。     

Decision Making and Business Ethics: The Implications of Using Image Theory in Preference to Rational Choice

The study of decision making has multiple implications for business ethics. This paper outlines some commonly used frameworks for understanding choice in business. It characterises the dominant model for business decision making as rational choice theory (RCT) and contrasts this with a more recent, naturalistic theory of decision-making, image theory. The implications of using RCT and image theory to model decision making are discussed with reference to three ethical systems. RCT is shown to be consistent with Utilitarian ethics, but not with Kantian or Virtue-based ethics. Image theory is shown to be consistent with each. The paper identifies a number of implications following from this analysis.     

Brand and Quantity Choice Dynamics Under Price Uncertainty

We develop a model of household demand for frequently purchased consumer goods that are branded, storable and subject to stochastic price fluctuations. Our framework accounts for how inventories and expectations of future prices affect current period purchase decisions. We estimate our model using scanner data for the ketchup category. Our results indicate that price expectations and the nature of the price process have important effects on demand elasticities. Long-run cross price elasticities of demand are more than twice as great as short-run cross price elasticities. Temporary price cuts (or deals) primarily generate purchase acceleration and category expansion, rather than brand switching.     

企业预算控制模式的合理选择与匹配

本文认为,作为现代企业重要的管理手段,全面预算有其共性特征,但企业经营环境不同、管理风格不同,对预算控制系统的个性需求也不同。企业战略决定企业组织结构和组织权力划分,进而决定预算权和预算的组织管理模式。预算管理模式主要体现在预算组织网络、预算权的划分、预算控制重点及预算编制的程序与方法等方面。选择设计预算管理模式应考虑企业组织结构和管理方式、企业发展战略和所面临的市场环境、预算目标体系的设置与业绩评价等方面的因素。企业应根据所处行业、发展阶段和竞争情况与战略目标等特点,设置自己的预算指标和评价体系,并在实施过程中予以修正。     

伦理经营：现代企业管理创新的理性选择

本文从企业内部生产经营活动以及企业与外部的交换活动出发,论述了企业伦理存在的必然性,并详细阐述了企业伦理的内容和研究意义,提出了实现企业伦理化经营管理的对策建议。     

Segmentation and Increasing Returns in the Evolutionary Dynamics of Competing Techniques

The diffusion process of two competing technologies is investigated by means of a multilayer niche model modified to encompass several hierarchically related levels, such as the case of fragmentation of the population of adopters between two competing technologies due, for instance, to product differentiation. The multilevel model describes how in each of two markets two groups of firms are producing different products, giving four products in total that can be produced by means of two techniques. The result is thus a model of competition within competition and diffusion within diffusion that generates a non‐linear dynamic system. The characteristics of the system are investigated by means of simulation. The long‐run behaviour of the model is sensitive to initial conditions, though an unfavourable start‐up can be overcome by means of increasing returns to scale. Indeed, returns to scale play a crucial role in determining the final outcome, although very high returns to scale imply instability. Furthermore, the winning technology need not be the most efficient and stability of a trajectory does not imply stability of the relative technique.     

A Critical Reflection on Irish Industrial Policy: A Strategic Choice Approach

This paper offers a critical evaluation of recent Irish industrial policy (IP) experience. It argues that whilst Ireland managed to get some things “right” through its IP, substantial tensions arose through making foreign direct investment (FDI) attraction the centrepiece of policy, without at the same time adopting a more holistic approach in IP which inter alia also placed an emphasis on indigenous firms and entrepreneurship more generally. In particular, greater efforts should have been made much earlier in attempting to embed transnational corporation (TNC)-led activity better into the wider economy, in fostering domestic small firms and entrepreneurship, in promoting clusters, and more generally in evaluating IP more fully – notwithstanding the context which mitigated against such actions. As a result, Ireland as an economy remained vulnerable to strategic decisions made elsewhere by TNC decision makers, with IP effectively contributing to a situation that can be characterised as institutional and strategic failure. Overall, the paper suggests that wholesale emulation of the Irish IP approach is problematic.     

在华跨国公司社会责任信息披露的理性选择

近年来,在华跨国公司社会责任问题层出不断,社会责任缺失事件时有发生。本文使用描述统计的方法,对2008-2012年在华跨国公司社会责任报告发布情况进行分析的基础上,提出了建立和完善社会责任信息披露规范体系的对策思考。     

The division of housework: Choice and exchange

The theory, a social exchange theory of the division of housework, proposes that consumers, in their home production roles, determine the amount of effort that they will spend in housework based on the profit that they anticipate from housework activities. Results of the data analysis indicate that husbands and wives do take into account certain costs and rewards when making individual choices on the amount of effort to be spent in such activities. Indirect costs (time pressures) was the best predictor of the amount of effort spent in housework for both husbands and wives. Implications for marketing and public policy are discussed.

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Die Verteilung der häuslichen Arbeit: Auswahl und Austausch

Zusammenfassung Das Hauptanliegen der Studie, über die der vorliegende Beitrag berichtet, ist die Erklärung der Aufteilung der Hausarbeit zwischen Mann und Frau als einem wichtigen Aspekt der Haushaltsstruktur. Unter Forschungsgesichtspunkten wird die Aufteilung der Hausarbeit unter dem Paradigma des sozialen Austausches analysiert. Deshalb stützt sich die Untersuchung stark auf die Konzepte von Auswahl und Austausch.Nach der Theorie des sozialen Austausches werden die Haushaltsteilnehmer das Ausmaß an Anstrengung, das sie in die Hausarbeit stecken, an der Größe des vermutlichen Vorteils ausrichten, den sie aus den haushälterischen Aktivitäten ziehen. Um diese Theorie zu testen, wurden Daten einer landesweiten US-amerikanischen Stichprobe multiplen Regressions- und Kovarianz-Analysen unterzogen.Die Ergebnisse bieten einige Unterstützung für die Theorie. Die Ehepartner richten sich nach bestimmten Kosten und Erträgen, wenn sie ihre individuelle Beteiligung an dem Aufwand für die Haushaltsarbeit planen. Indirekte Kosten, vor allem Zeitdruck, ergab sich als bester Prädiktor für das Ausmaß an Beteiligung an der Hausarbeit, und zwar für beide Ehepartner.Unter Marketinggesichtspunkten haben diese Beobachtungen Rückwirkungen auf die Untersuchung des Konsumentenverhaltens und auf das Aufspüren von Marktchancen. Bisherige Theorien des Konsumentenverhaltens nehmen an, daß das subjektive Wohlbefinden des Konsumenten ausschließlich eine Funktion der gewählten Marken oder Produktvarianten sei. Diese Theorien übersehen, daß es eigentlich ein haushaltsinterner Produktionsprozeß ist, der letztlich ein bestimmtes Maß von Konsumentenzufriedenheit bewirkt. Marketingüberlegungen sollten sich stärker mit den hierin liegenden Marktchancen beschäftigen.Schließlich diskutiert der Beitrag zweierlei gesellschaftliche Implikationen der Befunde. Zum einen könnte eine stärkere öffentliche Bereitstellung oder Unterstützung von Kindertagesstätten die Möglichkeiten der Frauen am Arbeitsmarkt verbessern. Stärkere Beteiligung der Frauen am Arbeitsmarkt ohne die längeren Unterbrechungen, die häufig mit der Kinderfürsorge verbunden sind, könnte wiederum zu einer Reduktion ihrer Beteiligung an der häuslichen Arbeit führen. Zum zweiten könnte das öffentliche Schulsystem eine gleichmäßige Verteilung der Hausarbeit fördern, vor allem durch eine allgemeinere Unterweisung in hauswirtschaftlichen Fertigkeiten und durch die Förderung solcher gesellschaftlicher Leitvorstellungen, die die herkömmliche geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsaufteilung im Haushalt überwinden.

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Sigfredo A. Hernandez is an Assistant Professor of Marketing at Rider College, Lawrenceville Rd, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA.     

中国已婚妇女人工流产中的性别选择

利用2001年全国计划生育/生殖健康调查数据,分析了育龄妇女进行人工流产选择的几种可能性,包括终止再生育、时间选择和性别选择等.在缺乏必要的B超检查等手段与性别选择流产数据的情况下,以流产后子女性别为指标,探讨了人工流产与性别选择的关系,比较了曾生子女的性别和不同生育政策对于人工流产的性别选择的影响.     

Understanding the Impact of Online Reviews on Customer Choice: A Probability Discounting Approach

This study uses the concept of probability discounting to understand the impact of online customer reviews on consumer choice. Probability discounting describes how the subjective value of an outcome alters when its delivery shifts from certain to uncertain. An experimental study with 29 participants was conducted. Participants were run through an online shopping scenario where they had to choose whether to buy a product from a Web shop with customer reviews on reliability or from a Web shop without reviews but with a lower product price. A titration procedure over sales price for the Web shop without reviews was run over seven probability conditions. The mean switching points where participants chose where to buy the product were extracted from the experimental data, and probability discounting factors were calculated. The results supported the assumption that online reviews indicate the probability of a successful transaction online and function as a guide to choices. Implications for marketers as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.     

Pasinetti after Sen: Towards a Capability Approach to Structural Dynamics of Consumption

Pasinetti's theory of structural dynamics has, as well as the capability approach, normative implications about income distribution and economic growth. Compared with the latter, however, the individual character of consumption is rather neglected in Pasinetti's framework, but the macro‐economic viability is examined here more intensively as a main issue. In this paper, we will show it possible and fruitful to consistently integrate both complementary approaches and present an analytical foundation of a normative theory of the structural dynamics of consumption.     

The Strategy of Combining Products and Services: A Literature Review

This article provides the analyses of the academic literature on offering a combination of products and services. Trend analyses were performed from 1995 through the end of 2016 on the various parameters such as journals publishing this type of research, changes in the use of keywords, citation frequency, and research contribution from different authors, disciplines, and nations. The analyses presented a clear trend that research in combining product and services accelerated after the year 2000 indicating a focus on research in this area in the 21^st century. This highlights many emerging trends in this area.     

选择与选择成本——品牌降低选择成本的机制分析

本文通过对选择爆炸式增长的描述,抽象出一般选择过程模型,并深入分析这一过程中所发生的成本及构成,证明品牌正是通过降低消费者的选择成本提高了选择效率,而企业外部顾客的选择效率决定了处于过剩阶段企业的内部价值的实现和内部效率的高低。本文区分了交易费用与选择成本的差别,进一步深化了对"品牌经济学"分析范式的核心范畴——选择成本的认识。     

国有股减持模式的比较与选择

上市公司国有股减持可以分为公开市场和私下市场两种基本模式,现有的减持方案可以分别归入这两种模式,它们各有适用范围,都能在国有股减持中发挥作用.根据目前的政治、法律和经济条件,国有股减持应当以私下市场模式为主,适当进行公开市场模式试点.