实际利率水平与经济增长关系研究

本文分两个阶段研究实际利率水平与经济增长之间的关系,发现1978年-1990年较高的实际存款利率水平降低了当期经济增长,反而推动滞后一期的经济增长;1991年-2005年,实际存款利率水平与经济增长呈正相关关系,实际贷款利率水平与经济增长呈负相关关系.     

省际金融发展与经济增长——基于31个省面板数据的研究北大核心SSCI

明确省际经济与金融的关系以及经济增长中金融因素的促进作用是我国经济学研究的一项重要任务。本文采用面板数据检验方法研究我国省际间金融发展与经济增长间的关系,分析结果显示金融发展与经济增长之间存在高度相关的关系,东部地区金融发展对经济增长的影响大于西部地区,西部地区金融相关比率的系数大于中部地区。我国大部分省份实际利率和经济增长之间并不相关,其原因可能是由于我国名义利率没有完全自由化,实际利率影响储蓄进而影响资本投资和经济增长的效应没有显现。各省的自发经济增长水平存在显著的差异,说明各省的经济基础、技术、制度、文化等因素对经济增长的作用存在明显的省际差异。     

金融机构发展与经济增长的区域差异及动态关联——基于动态面板数据模型的分析

区域金融和区域经济发展有着重要联系。本文从区域差异分析的角度,通过建立省际动态面板数据模型对区域金融和区域经济的相互关系进行分析,利用广义矩估计方法(GMM)对模型进行估计,并在此基础上对我国东、中、西部的区域金融发展水平与区域经济发展差异进行了比较分析。通过分析发现区域金融发展对区域经济增长具有显著的正向推动作用,而区域经济增长对区域金融发展水平的作用并不显著。我们也发现区域金融发展与区域经济增长的动态关系存在明显的区域差异。文章最后针对分析结果提出了相应的政策建议,利用二者的动态关系,可以通过适当增加金融中介机构的数量和改变金融服务结构提升金融发展水平并推动经济增长。     

人民币汇率机制调整和利率市场化推进对经济增长的影响

利用1995--2013年季度数据对我国汇率、利率市场化和经济增长关系的实证分析表明,人民币实际汇率与经济增长互为格兰杰原因,实际利率是国内生产总值的格兰杰原因,人民币实际汇率是实际利率的格兰杰原因;汇率、利率与经济增长之间存在长期均衡关系,人民币实际有效汇率升值、实际利率提高及汇率与利率的交互作用对经济增长的影响是显著的。     

中国货币政策传导变量的区域结构效应研究

本文基于2007-2019年的数据实证分析利率、信贷、汇率、股票市场和房地产市场等货币政策传导变量对中国八大综合经济区经济增长和物价的影响.研究发现,中国货币政策传导存在明显的区域非对称效应;银行信贷和利率渠道对各区域经济增长和物价影响的方向基本一致,影响幅度存在较大差异;汇率对各区域经济增长、物价影响的方向和幅度均存...     

利率规则和经济的稳定均衡之间联系的理论研究述评

本文在文献回顾的基础上,对货币当局依照利率规则(Taylor rules),通过利率传导机制来调节经济运行,从而实现经济的稳定均衡展开理论评述。Taylor指出,名义利率减去预期通货膨胀率就是实际利率,因此,只要名义利率随着预期通胀率同向变化,就能实现实际利率的稳定。当实际的GDP增长高于潜在的增长水平时,实际利率就会偏离均衡状态,这种情况下中央银行就要运用货币政策工具,调整名义利率来实现实际利率的稳定,在维持短期实际利率稳定的目标下,央行可通过调整名义利率来稳定物价和实现经济增长。     

利率规则和经济的稳定均衡之间联系的理论研究述评

本文在文献回顾的基础上,对货币当局依照利率规则(Taylor rules),通过利率传导机制来调节经济运行,从而实现经济的稳定均衡展开理论评述。Taylor指出,名义利率减去预期通货膨胀率就是实际利率,因此,只要名义利率随着预期通胀率同向变化,就能实现实际利率的稳定。当实际的GDP增长高于潜在的增长水平时,实际利率就会偏离均衡状态,这种情况下中央银行就要运用货币政策工具,调整名义利率来实现实际利率的稳定,在维持短期实际利率稳定的目标下,央行可通过调整名义利率来稳定物价和实现经济增长。     

基于泰勒规则的中国均衡实际利率估算

随着利率管制的基本取消,我国货币政策将由传统的数量调控向以利率为主的价格型调控方式转型。本文根据泰勒规则揭示的均衡实际利率理论关系,对中国隔夜均衡实际利率水平进行了估计。考虑货币、汇率等不同因素的货币反应函数估计结果表明,我国隔夜均衡实际利率水平大致在1.2%~4.4%之间,与我国资本回报率的典型性事实和经济高速增长的实际情况基本相符。今后货币调控应以均衡实际利率为基础,根据产出和通胀缺口变化情况进行利率决策,以确保价格型货币调控转型的顺利完成和经济金融的平稳健康发展。     

中国区域金融发展水平与区域经济差异的协整检验

在建立金融发展与经济增长关系的理论模型和运用泰尔指数法测度中国29个省份1978～2005年区域金融发展水平和经济增长差异的基础上,采用计量经济学中的协整检验方法,对区域金融发展水平与区域经济的差距的动态均衡关系进行研究,结果表明:两者之间存在着长期均衡关系;区域金融发展水平的差异是导致区域经济增长差异的原因。     

金融市场分割、国有经济投资与经济增长 ——基于OLG模型的理论与实证

本文基于融资主体地位差异、目标差异和金融市场分割等经济特征,拓展了传统的戴蒙德(OLG)模型,引入国有经济投资和差异化利率,并以此为理论基础选取2004～2018年的季度观测数据建立了门限回归模型,实证检验不同利率水平下国有经济投资对经济增长产生的影响。研究结果表明:一是在存在金融市场分割的情况下,利率和国有经济投资对经济增长具有门限效应,国有经济融资利率低于资本边际报酬率时,投资促进经济增长,反之则对经济增长产生负面影响,同时国有经济投资在不同利率水平下均存在拐点;二是国有经济投资具有宏观调控效应,通过影响社会资本存量调控资本边际报酬率和经济增长,可以纠正经济动态无效率现象。     

The dynamics of economic growth,oil prices,stock market depth,and other macroeconomic variables: Evidence from the G-20 countries

This paper examines the linkages between economic growth, oil prices, depth in the stock market, and three other key macroeconomic indicators: real effective exchange rate, inflation rate, and real rate of interest. We employ a panel vector autoregressive model to test Granger causality for the G-20 countries over the period 1961–2012. A novel approach to this study is that we clearly demarcate the long-run and short-run relations between the economic variables. The results show a robust long-run economic relationship between economic growth, oil prices, stock market depth, real effective exchange rate, inflation rate, and real rate of interest. In the long run, real economic growth is found to respond to any deviation in the long-run equilibrium relationship that is found to exist between the different measures of stock market depth, oil prices, and the other macroeconomic variables. In the short run we find a complex network of causal relationships between the variables. While the empirical evidence of short-run causality is mixed, there is clear evidence that real economic growth responds to various measures of stock market depth, allowing for real oil price movements and changes in the real effective exchange rate, inflation rate, and real rate of interest.     

Endogenous Growth and Real Effects of Monetary Policy: R&D and Physical Capital Complementarities

We study the real long-run effects of the structural stance of monetary policy and of inflation, in the context of a monetary growth model where R&D is complemented with physical capital accumulation. We look into the effects on a set of real macroeconomic variables that have been of interest to policymakers—the economic growth rate, real interest rate, physical investment rate, capital-to-labor ratio, R&D intensity, and velocity of money. These variables have been previously analyzed from the perspective of different, separated, strands of the theoretical and empirical literature. Additionally, we analyze the long-run relationship between inflation and both the effectiveness of real industrial-policy shocks and the market structure, assessed namely by average firm size. We present novel cross-country evidence on the empirical relationship between the latter and long-run inflation.     

The Relation Between Default-Free Interest Rates and Expected Economic Growth Is Stronger Than You Think

The relation between default-free interest rates and expected economic growth is substantially stronger than suggested by extant literature. Futures-implied Treasury bill yield spreads are more highly correlated with future real consumption, investment, and GNP growth than spot spreads. This stronger relation arises because using futures removes a component of the spot term structure that covaries negatively with real economic growth. Treasury forward rates from spot bills contain a premium for the risk that short-sellers will default. This risk premium is negatively related to expected economic growth.     

Asset Pricing and Expected Inflation

This paper provides an equilibrium model in which expected real returns on common stocks are negatively related to expected inflation and money growth. It is shown that the fall in real wealth associated with an increase in expected inflation decreases the real rate of interest and the expected real rate of return of the market portfolio. The expected real rate of return of the market portfolio falls less, for a given increase in expected inflation, when the increase in expected inflation is caused by an increase in money growth rather than by a worsening of the investment opportunity set. The model has empirical implications for the effect of a change in expected inflation on the cross-sectional distribution of asset returns and can help to understand why assets whose return covaries positively with expected inflation may have lower expected returns. The model also agrees with explanations advanced by Fama [5] and Geske and Roll [10] for the negative relation between stock returns and inflation.     

A Cross-Section Analysis of the Income Elasticity of Housing Demand in Spain: Is There a Real Estate Bubble?

Much attention has been given to claims that real estate prices in Spain are overvalued in relation to income and how plummeting house prices can jeopardize the economy (The Economist, 2003 and IMF, 2004). The measure of income elasticity on housing expenditure is often of considerable interest to applied researchers and policy makers in real estate economics, but the problem of omitted variables in some estimation techniques can lead to severe biases. In this paper we estimate the income elasticity of the demand for housing in Spain based on the cross-section of prices and income in fifty Spanish provinces from 1996 to 2002. In comparison to long-run equilibrium models fitted with time-series data, our results show a much weaker role of income growth as a vehicle for house price increases in the long run. According to our estimates, the rate of growth of house prices in Spain between 1998 and 2003 points to a real estate bubble with prices above the long-term equilibrium level.     

Expected inflation and the real rate of interest : A Note

This paper derives an alternative explanation for the Mundell effect in the context of a state preference framework. In contrast to the real cash balance effect discussed by Mundell, the arrival of new information concerning the future course of economic events is shown to simultaneously affect both the real rate of interest and the expected rate of inflation. A negative relation between changes in expected inflation and the real rate of interest is shown to occur in spite of the fact that investors in this model hold no cash balances.     

THE BEHAVIOR OF U.S. SHORT-TERM INTEREST RATES SINCE OCTOBER 1979

Short-term interest rates in the United States have been “too high” since October 1979 in the sense that both unconditional and conditional forecasts, based on an estimated vector autoregression model summarizing the prior experience, underpredict short-term interest rates during this period. Although a nonstructural model cannot directly answer the question of why this has been so, comparisons of alternative conditional forecasts point to the post-October 1979 relationship between the growth of real income and the growth of real money balances as closely connected to the level and pattern of short-term interest rates. This finding is consistent with the authors' earlier conclusion, based on analysis of a small structural macroeconometric model, that the high average level of interest rates has been due to a combination of slow growth of (nominal) money supply and continuing price inflation, which together have kept real balances small in relation to prevailing levels of economic activity.     

Are Expected Inflation Rates and Expected Real Rates Negatively Correlated? A Long‐Run Test of the Mundell‐Tobin Hypothesis

Some empirical evidence suggests that the expected real interest and expected inflation rates are negatively correlated. This hypothesis of negative correlation is sometimes known as the Mundell‐Tobin hypothesis. In this article we reinvestigate this negative relation from a long‐term point of view using cointegration analysis. The data on the historical interest rate on T‐bills and the inflation rate indicate that the Mundell‐Tobin hypothesis does not hold in the long run for the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. We also obtain similar results using the real interest rate on index‐linked gilt traded in the United Kingdom.     

Money,interest, inflation and growth in Turkey

This paper estimates a two equation model of inflation and growth in Turkey over the period 1950–1977. Inflation is determined by the difference between the rates of change in nominal money supply and real money demand. The short-run growth function consists of an expectations augmented Phillips curve, to which a credit availability effect is added. Under Turkey's disequilibrium institutional interest rate and exchange control systems, the real supply of domestic credit is determined, in large part, by real money demand which is, in turn, influenced by the real deposit rate of interest. The central bank can use both the nominal money supply and the nominal deposit rate of interest as policy instruments for stabilisation purposes.