共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
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通过构建\"胎次-激化双重效应\"理论模型,解读生育政策与出生性别比关联的潜在机制,并利用宏观数据予以检验。政策与出生性别比的失衡存在直接和间接双重关系;生育政策的刚性制约和一孩半生育政策赋予胎次和激化效应特殊含义:(1)一孩政策地区低胎的出生性别比偏高、一孩半政策地区二胎及以上胎次的出生性别比极度失衡,显现\"激化效应\";(2)政策的多样性使部分低位女胎与男胎一样受欢迎,使一孩半政策及二孩政策地区低胎的出生性别比趋于正常,产生\"胎次效应\"。可见,政策越强,低位和高位女胎都不受重视,均会遭遇人工流产;相反,在相对宽松的政策环境下,低位女胎所受的歧视程度相对减弱。 相似文献
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20世纪80年代以来中国出生性别比持续攀升,主要原因在于胎儿性别鉴定与性别选择性人工流产从无到有与由少变多。但伴随经济增长与社会变迁,歧视性性别偏好逐渐失去赖以存在的土壤,那些诱致出生性别比失调的因素不是被消除就是被弱化,从而为出生性别比在高位的回落创造了条件。促使中国出生性别比回复正常的社会经济基础已经逐渐具备,这意味着出生性别比由上升转而下降的转折点已经或将要来临。 相似文献
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20世纪80年代以来,中国的人口出生性别比出现了迅速、持续增高的现象和趋势,这对未来中国人口的发展会产生不可忽视的影响。根据不同的性别比方案预测我国人口未来百年的发展状况,考察出生性别比偏高对人口总量、出生人口规模、总人口抚养比以及婚姻市场的性别比等产生的影响。出生性别比偏高会降低出生人口规模、加速人口老龄化以及造成婚姻挤压等人口后果。 相似文献
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从生育控制的视角,运用孩次性别递进理论,分析生育意愿与生育率、生育性别比的关系,得到了在生育性别自然规律下达到生育目标最低生育率YFR唯一存在的结论。给出了生育目标YFR的计算方法。探讨了YFR在生育性别监测和预警中的应用。 相似文献
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\"公地悲剧\"是产权不清的情况下\"公地\"资源配置失效,被过度使用而枯竭的过程。近年来,该理论被广泛应用于环境科学、经济学、社会学、政治学等领域。本文分析了新疆耕地数量变化与粮食安全、耕地质量变化与生态环境建设、耕地开发利用变化与地区发展战略等情况,从新疆特殊的自然环境条件、管理审批权限、水土资源开发配置、农户农耕理念等方面出发,论述了\"有主之地\"的耕地也存在\"公地悲剧\"现象。 相似文献
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保持出生人口性别比正常,实现人入口生态平衡,是社会可持续发展的基础.出生人口性别比持续偏高已使我国人口生态问题日益显现.文章分析了我国出生人口性别比持续偏高的根源,从生育文化、法律法规、农村养老保障制度、奖励帮扶、人口政策等方面提出了治理出生人口性别比持续偏高的对策. 相似文献
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基于已有的数据、研究成果及中国政府和社会的干预实践,对有关改善中国女孩生存的研究和实践进行回顾式的评述和展望。中国一直存在对女性的歧视,近年来中国持续升高的出生性别比和偏高的女孩死亡水平,反映出女性社会地位低下和女孩生存风险恶化。对女孩的歧视包括出生前和出生后的歧视。描述了中国高出生性别比和偏高女孩死亡水平的水平、趋势和区域差异,分析了女孩生存环境恶化的直接和间接原因及其引发的人口和社会后果。通过比较国际社会的经验和中国政府及社会的认识与行动,讨论了改善中国女孩生存的前景及相应的措施。 相似文献
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This paper directly measures the causal effects of sex-selective abortions on the sex ratio at birth by exploiting the exogenous county-level variation in the availability of B-ultrasound machines. Using data from the 1990 Census of Fujian Province and local records on the introduction time of B-ultrasound machines, we find that the availability of B-ultrasound machines increases the sex ratio at birth by 0.025 in rural areas and 0.117 in urban areas. The rise of sex ratio is especially significant for second births in rural areas when the first birth is a girl. 相似文献
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We model a common pool resource game under environmental uncertainty, where individuals in a symmetric group face the dilemma of sharing a common resource. Each player chooses a consumption level and obtains a corresponding share of that resource, but if total consumption exceeds a sustainable level then the resource deteriorates and all players are worse-off. We consider the effect of uncertainty about the sustainable resource size on the outcome of this game. Assuming a general dynamic for resource deterioration, we study the effect of increased ambiguity (i.e., uncertain probabilities pertaining to the common resourceʼs sustainable size). We show that whereas increased risk may lead to more selfish behavior (i.e., to more consumption), increased ambiguity may have the opposite effect. 相似文献
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财政预算的“公地悲剧”:财政支出规模增长的一种解释 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
财政支出增长的经典理论忽视了对财政预算的公共资源属性及其对预算行为主体影响的研究。财政预算资金具有公共资源的经济属性,在预算决策的政治过程中,会导致财政预算的“公地悲剧”。这是预算资金配置使用效率低下、财政支出规模恶性膨胀的经济性根源。财政预算过程的政治逻辑则规定了财政支出规模相对扩张的途径和限度约束。 相似文献
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John E. Roemer 《Review of social economy》2019,77(1):1-28
AbstractEconomic theory has focused almost exclusively on how humans compete with each other in their economic activity, culminating in general equilibrium (Walras–Arrow–Debreu) and game theory (Cournot–Nash). Cooperation in economic activity is, however, important, and is virtually ignored. Because our models influence our view of the world, this theoretical lacuna biases economists’ interpretation of economic behavior. Here, I propose models that provide micro-foundations for how cooperation is decentralized by economic agents. It is incorrect, in particular, to view competition as decentralized and cooperation as organized only by central diktat. My approach is not to alter preferences, which is the strategy behavioral economists have adopted to model cooperation, but rather to alter the way that agents optimize. Whereas Nash optimizers view other players in the game as part of the environment (parameters), Kantian optimizers view them as part of action. When formalized, this approach resolves the two major failures of Nash optimization from a welfare viewpoint – the Pareto inefficiency of equilibria in common-pool resource problems (the tragedy of the commons) and the inefficiency of equilibria in public-good games (the free rider problem). An application to market socialism shows that the problems of efficiency and distribution can be completely separated: the dead-weight loss of taxation disappears. 相似文献
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Kalle A. Piirainen Tuomas Raivio Kaisa Lähteenmäki-Smith Lars Alkaersig Jason Li-Ying 《Technology Analysis & Strategic Management》2018,30(3):268-281
This paper presents an empirical account of a phenomenon that we refer to as the ‘reverse tragedy of the commons’ in open innovation. The name signifies the ‘under-exploitation’ of intellectual property (IP) under weak appropriability. The name is this graphic because the tragedy is costly, and can also render IP effectively worthless and block innovation in the short to medium term. We propose that the tragedy is borne out of the interaction between enterprise characteristics, a competitive setting and the framework that is set by the policy intervention. This finding is pertinent to policy-makers with regard to the design of research, development and innovation instruments, as well as managers who must determine how to implement open practices in innovation. 相似文献
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In belligerent countries, male‐to‐female sex ratios at birth increased during and shortly after the two world wars. These rises occurred amidst dramatically changed marriage‐market conditions caused by war‐related declines in adult sex ratios, and still defy explanation. Based on county‐level census data for the German state of Bavaria in the years just before and immediately after World War II, we explore the reduced‐form relationship between changes in marriage‐market tightness (the adult sex ratio) and changes in the offspring sex ratio, and we discuss potential mechanisms that might link the two. Our results suggest that war‐induced shortfalls of men significantly increased the percentage of boys among newborns. 相似文献
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通过对闽南山区一个村庄的实地调查,对当地农村青年的生育目的、生育数量、性别偏好、生育质量作了分析,在此基础上讨论了农村青年生育意愿转变的对策。 相似文献
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Diane Coyle 《Journal of Economic Methodology》2019,26(1):2-12
ABSTRACTCritics of economics often highlight two related issues: the empirical falsity of the ‘homo economicus’ assumption of rational, self-interested maximisation; and the ethical consequences of models based on this assumption. Yet many experiments in biology show non-human creatures often seem to behave as if they were rational maximisers, suggesting that context rather than cognitive capacity is important for determining behaviour. The critique of rational choice poses a less serious methodological challenge to economics than is sometimes thought. However, economists do need to respond to the ethical critique that decisions and policies based on the assumption of rational self-interested maximisation change the norms of individual behaviour for the worse. This paper argues that economics has become divorced from ethics because for a century it has dealt only with ordinal, not cardinal, welfare rankings and has thus ruled out interpersonal comparisons. While enabling economists to separate normative from positive analysis, this separation protocol has left welfare economics both internally contradictory and unable to address major societal decisions, even though welfare economics is used constantly in limited ways, such as cost-benefit analysis. This separation reflects empirically inaccurate assumptions concerning preference formation and the conditions of supply and demand (but not the rational choice assumption) in the foundational welfare economic theorems. Economics must urgently revisit welfare economics, particularly in the context of modern economies in which individuals are increasingly interdependent, and the assumptions required for the fundamental welfare theorems therefore increasingly invalid. 相似文献
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In this article rational choice behavior is investigated without assuming transitivity or completeness of the underlying preferences. These standard properties are replaced by a property concerning dominant alternatives. This permits the existence of preference cycles among alternatives which are dominated, while still ensuring the existence of a rational choice correspondence. We will also realize that some rational choice rules still hold in this context. Further we will see that in equilibrium analysis the existence of a competitive equilibrium follows when transitivity and completeness is replaced by this domination property. 相似文献