共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
通过构建"胎次-激化双重效应"理论模型,解读生育政策与出生性别比关联的潜在机制,并利用宏观数据予以检验。政策与出生性别比的失衡存在直接和间接双重关系;生育政策的刚性制约和一孩半生育政策赋予胎次和激化效应特殊含义:(1)一孩政策地区低胎的出生性别比偏高、一孩半政策地区二胎及以上胎次的出生性别比极度失衡,显现"激化效应";(2)政策的多样性使部分低位女胎与男胎一样受欢迎,使一孩半政策及二孩政策地区低胎的出生性别比趋于正常,产生"胎次效应"。可见,政策越强,低位和高位女胎都不受重视,均会遭遇人工流产;相反,在相对宽松的政策环境下,低位女胎所受的歧视程度相对减弱。 相似文献
3.
4.
5.
保持出生人口性别比正常,实现人入口生态平衡,是社会可持续发展的基础.出生人口性别比持续偏高已使我国人口生态问题日益显现.文章分析了我国出生人口性别比持续偏高的根源,从生育文化、法律法规、农村养老保障制度、奖励帮扶、人口政策等方面提出了治理出生人口性别比持续偏高的对策. 相似文献
6.
In belligerent countries, male‐to‐female sex ratios at birth increased during and shortly after the two world wars. These rises occurred amidst dramatically changed marriage‐market conditions caused by war‐related declines in adult sex ratios, and still defy explanation. Based on county‐level census data for the German state of Bavaria in the years just before and immediately after World War II, we explore the reduced‐form relationship between changes in marriage‐market tightness (the adult sex ratio) and changes in the offspring sex ratio, and we discuss potential mechanisms that might link the two. Our results suggest that war‐induced shortfalls of men significantly increased the percentage of boys among newborns. 相似文献
7.
8.
This paper directly measures the causal effects of sex-selective abortions on the sex ratio at birth by exploiting the exogenous county-level variation in the availability of B-ultrasound machines. Using data from the 1990 Census of Fujian Province and local records on the introduction time of B-ultrasound machines, we find that the availability of B-ultrasound machines increases the sex ratio at birth by 0.025 in rural areas and 0.117 in urban areas. The rise of sex ratio is especially significant for second births in rural areas when the first birth is a girl. 相似文献
9.
10.
财政预算的“公地悲剧”:财政支出规模增长的一种解释 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
财政支出增长的经典理论忽视了对财政预算的公共资源属性及其对预算行为主体影响的研究。财政预算资金具有公共资源的经济属性,在预算决策的政治过程中,会导致财政预算的“公地悲剧”。这是预算资金配置使用效率低下、财政支出规模恶性膨胀的经济性根源。财政预算过程的政治逻辑则规定了财政支出规模相对扩张的途径和限度约束。 相似文献
11.
Kalle A. Piirainen Tuomas Raivio Kaisa Lähteenmäki-Smith Lars Alkaersig Jason Li-Ying 《Technology Analysis & Strategic Management》2018,30(3):268-281
This paper presents an empirical account of a phenomenon that we refer to as the ‘reverse tragedy of the commons’ in open innovation. The name signifies the ‘under-exploitation’ of intellectual property (IP) under weak appropriability. The name is this graphic because the tragedy is costly, and can also render IP effectively worthless and block innovation in the short to medium term. We propose that the tragedy is borne out of the interaction between enterprise characteristics, a competitive setting and the framework that is set by the policy intervention. This finding is pertinent to policy-makers with regard to the design of research, development and innovation instruments, as well as managers who must determine how to implement open practices in innovation. 相似文献
12.
基于已有的数据、研究成果及中国政府和社会的干预实践,对有关改善中国女孩生存的研究和实践进行回顾式的评述和展望。中国一直存在对女性的歧视,近年来中国持续升高的出生性别比和偏高的女孩死亡水平,反映出女性社会地位低下和女孩生存风险恶化。对女孩的歧视包括出生前和出生后的歧视。描述了中国高出生性别比和偏高女孩死亡水平的水平、趋势和区域差异,分析了女孩生存环境恶化的直接和间接原因及其引发的人口和社会后果。通过比较国际社会的经验和中国政府及社会的认识与行动,讨论了改善中国女孩生存的前景及相应的措施。 相似文献
13.
We model a common pool resource game under environmental uncertainty, where individuals in a symmetric group face the dilemma of sharing a common resource. Each player chooses a consumption level and obtains a corresponding share of that resource, but if total consumption exceeds a sustainable level then the resource deteriorates and all players are worse-off. We consider the effect of uncertainty about the sustainable resource size on the outcome of this game. Assuming a general dynamic for resource deterioration, we study the effect of increased ambiguity (i.e., uncertain probabilities pertaining to the common resourceʼs sustainable size). We show that whereas increased risk may lead to more selfish behavior (i.e., to more consumption), increased ambiguity may have the opposite effect. 相似文献
14.
市盈率是一种广泛使用的股票价值评估的工具,但市盈率的计算公式存在着缺陷.由于在市盈率的计算公式中没有明确地包含任何资产负债表项目的因素,因而没有考虑公司的特殊(正常负债的追加)负债或可供分配的超额资产.在公司存在特殊负债或超额资产的情况下根据市盈率计算公式得出的市盈率并不能代表公司实际的市盈率.当一个公司存在特殊负债或超额资产时,我们需要将特殊负债加到股票价格上或将超额资产从股票价格中减去以计算公司实际的市盈率. 相似文献
15.
我国政府一直没有公布城镇的真实失业率,而学者的估计往往在统计口径上不一致,方法上也还存在一定的缺陷。利用第五次人口普查资料,作了定量比较。以现有资料推算我国真实的失业率,失业人数调整法比失业率调整法更为科学,并通过线性回归法得到调节系数。我国目前城镇的真实失业率为8.8%,失业人员总量低幅增长,失业率已持续下降。 相似文献
16.
我国适度外汇储备规模的动态路径分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文运用比率分析法、成本收益法以及修正后的Agarwal模型对我国的适度外汇储备规模进行了测度。测算表明,在1994—2006年间,中国的实际外汇储备规模处于适度水平,而在2007—2011年,实际外汇储备规模则逐渐偏离适度外汇储备规模。然而,通过运用matlab软件的高斯滤波法对实际外汇储备规模处理的结果则较为接近适度外汇储备规模。虽然实际外汇储备规模略为高于适度外汇储备规模,但是排除一些偶然的扰动因素之后,中国的实际外汇储备规模是处于适度水平的。最后,本文运用matlab软件里的dploy函数对外汇储备规模进行了预测,结果表明,从2012到2014年,中国的实际外汇储备规模将会逐渐达到适度水平。 相似文献
17.
18.
Catherine Herfeld 《European Journal of the History of Economic Thought》2017,24(6):1277-1317
AbstractThis paper discusses why mathematical economists of the early Cold War period favored formal-axiomatic over behavioral choice theories. One reason was that formal-axiomatic theories allowed mathematical economists to improve the conceptual and theoretical foundations of economics and thereby to increase its scientific status. Furthermore, the separation between mathematical economics and other behavioral sciences was not as clear-cut as often argued. While economists did not modify their behavioral assumptions, some acknowledged the empirical shortcomings of their models. The paper reveals the multifaceted nature of rational choice theories reflected in the changing interpretations and roles of the theories in those early years. 相似文献
19.
The “tragedy of tourism resources” as the outcome of a strategic game: A new analytical framework 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Salvatore Bimonte 《Ecological Economics》2008,67(3):457-464
20.
文章发展了一个关于由本国企业组成的中间品策略性采购联盟与外国垄断性供给者进行集体谈判的模型一—该模型以中国的制造业外包服务,即出口加工贸易实践为基础,其中,中间品的采购价格与数量通过有效的Nash谈判过程同时决定。当采购联盟的效用函数的数量弹性高于(低于)价格弹性,则该联盟的偏好为数量(价格)导向的。文章证明:(1)当本国与外国的中间品与最终产品贸易具有互补性时,政府贸易政策调整的价格、数量以及福利效应是不确定的,它们依存于本国采购联盟的偏好、最终产品需求曲线的弹性与曲率、外国企业的技术以及生产专业化程度;(2)政府贸易政策的干预功能与企业策略性联盟的自主调整功能存在重叠与冲突。 相似文献