俄罗斯的反恐怖检测技术

近几年来，俄罗斯以库恰托夫研究所为主的一核物理专家，在研究用核理手段检测武器和爆炸的理论和实践方面取得不少经验。１．便携式武器爆炸物测仪在散射体物质中原子电子上，γ量子处在康普散射状态时，受到散射的量子能量取决于散射的角，其强度则取决于元素的分和被探测物质的密。这些规律可以用来发现藏在遮挡板（汽车、集装等）后面的物体并确定其质。俄罗斯当前研制的检仪（尚无命名）是目前最一代的检测设备。这种新测仪中的放射源和探测都是准直的。该检测仪能：①把在固定的能量间中反射的γ辐射强度与射体物质的密度（原子序）联…     

论《反不正当竞争法》财产性责任的构建

《反不正当竞争法》自1993年颁布实施以来,为保障市场经济稳定发展,保护经营者和消费者的合法权益发挥了重要的法律作用。但随着社会主义市场经济的不断发展,对外交流与合作的不断增多,立法当初的不成熟不完备导致现实生活中的问题不断增多,《反不正当竞争法》难以发挥其应有的重要作用,应尽快就其不够完善的地方进行修订和补充。选定《反不正当竞争法》法律责任中的财产性责任作为突破口,分析现阶段由于财产性责任不完善导致的社会问题,并就财产责任的构建做深入的分析。     

民族分离主义与恐怖主义浅析

2004年9月1日，32名丧心病狂的车臣恐怖分子占领俄罗斯南部北奥塞梯共和国别斯兰市的第一中学，将1300余名参加开学典礼的学生、家长和教师劫持为人质。在长达三天的对峙中，恐怖分子肆意杀害妇女和儿童，最后迫使俄罗斯特种部队不得不以武力解救人质，混战中共造成338人死亡，其中近一半遇难者是儿童，此外还有数百人负伤。这是“9&;#183;11”后最严重的恐怖袭击事件，恐怖分子的残暴、无辜生命的脆弱无助，再一次震惊了世界，使国际社会对民族分裂型恐怖主义的危害有了更进一步的认识。本文拟对民族分离主义与恐怖主义的关系进行初步的探讨。     

我国《反不正当竞争法》一般条款之完善论略

《反不正当竞争法》是我国第一部调整市场竞争行为的专门法律,对我国建立公平诚信的市场经济秩序发挥了重大作用,但随着市场经济竞争的日趋激烈,又出现了各种新型的不正当竞争行为,依据现行的《反不正当竞争法》无法有效地予以规制,因此,为加强对市场竞争主体的保护和对正常市场竞争秩序的维护,营造公平竞争的市场竞争环境,急需完善《反不正当竞争法》的一些规定,尤其是《反不正当竞争法》的一般条款。     

完善《反不正当竞争法》的对策

《反不不正当竞争法》自1993年制定以来,在促进公平交易、维护市场秩序方面发挥了重要作用。但是随着时间的推移和情况的变化,《反不正当竞争法》在很多方面滞后于社会经济发展的需要,亟待修改。文章针对我国《反不不正当竞争法》存在的问题,提出了一系列修改意见。     

俄罗斯《知识产权市场价值评估法》

现今，俄罗斯着力在知识产权的保护和转让方面建造一系列法律平台。《知识产权市场价值评估法》就是由俄罗斯产业部协同其它相关部门并根据俄联邦《评价标准的确认》条例制订的系列法律之一。     

浅析《反不正当竞争法》中存在的一些问题

文章着重分析了《中国人民共和国反不正当竞争法》(以下简称《反不正当竞争法》)存在的一些问题,以期尽快完善该部法律,促进公平交易、维护市场秩序。     

论《反不正当竞争法》法律责任制度的改革

中国《反不正当竞争法》的规定，过分地突出了行政强制的作用，相对人被动接受处罚，对受害者的保护间接有限。纵观市场经济较发达国家法律责任的规定，不难看出竞争法的时代性，就在于从保护合法经营者的利益扩展到保护消费者和社会公共利益更为广泛的范畴。通过对各国竞争法法律责任制度的比较，借鉴外国的经验来完善中国《反不正当竞争法》的法律责任制度。     

反淡化法的保护范围

一、淡化理论的起源淡化理论的产生已有近８０年的历史。淡化理论的最早起源一般都认为是德国的判例理论。１９２３年德国一地方法院在一判决中禁止袜子制造商使用“４７１１”香水商标，一年后另一地方法院在一判决中又禁止刀剪行业使用“ODOL”的牙膏商标，后来德国联邦最高法院确认了这两个判决，但将其适用对象严格限制为驰名商标，德国学者对这一项特别保护的立法基础称为“商标吸引力受冲淡之虞”。１９２７年富兰克·斯凯特在《哈佛法学评论》上撰文阐述其商标淡化理论。按其理论，“驰名商标淡化效应的产生是因为非权利人借助驰名…     

当美国《反海外腐败法》遭遇中国潜规则

4月6日，美国电信设备制造巨头朗讯公司爆出“贿赂门”，宣布解雇其中国区首席执行官、首席运营官、一名财务主管以及一名市场部经理，理由是这四名主管人员在企业运营过程中内部管理控制不力，涉嫌违反美国的《反海外腐败法》。朗讯同时表示已就此事向美国司法部及美国证监会递交了报告。朗讯所谓“内部管理控制不力”，包含了商业活动中的回扣、送礼、宴请之类辅助交易行为，而“违反美国的《反海外腐败法》”的直白解释就是为了     

Wages in a growing Russia

The robust Russian economic recovery after the 1998 financial crisis raised the economic standing of the population, especially for lowly paid workers, most of whom are women. In this paper I use the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey from 1996 through 2002 to ask whether this helped to reduce the gender wage gap. I first focus on those whose wages are paid in full. Next, I ask about the gender composition of wage arrears as the overall extent of wage arrears dropped from 60 to 20 per cent after the 1998 crisis. I show that a temporary widening of the overall gender wage gap in 2000 is due to low‐wage women becoming more likely to receive their wages in full than low‐wage men. Except for this effect, the male–female pay difference in Russia exhibits a stable pattern.     

Uncertain recovery prospects in Russia

By mid-1996, restrictive fiscal and monetary policies have brought lower inflation and exchange rate stability to Russia. The mass privatization was an apparent success although it contributed to an unclear ownership structure and weak corporate governance. The production decline continues and the structure of the Russian economy has been deteriorating. The popular dissatisfaction with the drop in living standards is reflected by a deep split in society, despite Mr. Yeltsin's victory in the presidential elections. As in the recent past, the new government will continue with ‘stop-and-go’ reform policies, probably with a stronger accent on the protection of domestic producers, legal reforms and economic growth. Because of serious structural and institutional distortions, the Russian economy is more likely to stagnate than to grow strongly in the near future.     

论经济法的政策性

尽管学界对经济法众说纷纭，但普遍承认经济法是一个国家和政府经济政策的法律化。认为：政策性是经济法的本质特征，经济政策对经济法的内容、体系、实施等方面都有决定意义。同时认为，经济法也是法，其政策性是与整个法秩序一致的，否则经济法就失去了法的意义和价值。     

建立风险投资税收法律制度的思考

利用税收优惠政策，进而将其上升为法律制度，是各国促进风险投资发展的共同作法。我国目前没有专门的风险投资税收优惠政策，更没有相应的税收法规，实践中仅是比照高新技术企业享受有关税收政策，存在着一系列问题。对此，应结合我国国情，借鉴国外成功经验，尽快建立健全我国风险投资税收法律体系，明确优惠对象、确定优惠目标、加大优惠力度、避免重复征税。     

Privatization, insider control and managerial entrenchment in Russia

This paper provides new survey evidence on managerial entrenchment and the role of outsiders in the post-privatization restructuring of Russian enterprises. The major findings are that managers are hostile towards outside ownership, and they effectively collude with other employees to preserve insider control. The paper also provides empirical evidence that the gradual accumulation of shares by managers is not based only on a profit motive, but is also driven by their efforts to preserve insider control. The issues raised have relevance to other transition economies where the privatization process has encouraged insider control, such as Ukraine and Belarus.     

Measuring conditional cooperation: a replication study in Russia

We replicate the strategy-method experiment by Fischbacher et al. (Econ. Lett. 71:397–404, 2001) developed to measure attitudes towards cooperation in a one-shot public goods game. We collected data from 160 students at four different universities across urban and rural Russia. Using the classification proposed by Fischbacher et al. (2001) we find that the distribution of types is very similar across the four locations. The share of conditional cooperators in our Russian subject pools is comparable to the one found by Fischbacher et al. in a Swiss subject pool. However, the distribution of the other types differs from the one found in Switzerland.     

How progressive are indirect taxes in Russia?

The interplay of a differentiated indirect tax structure and the variation in expenditure patterns across households leads to a possibly unequal distribution of indirect tax liabilities across the population. This paper uses the ninth round of the RLMS survey to assess the distributional consequences of the two major components of the Russian indirect tax system: VAT and excise taxes. According to the Kakwani index, the global indirect system can be considered to be progressive overall. Decomposition into constituent terms shows that this is due not only to a progressive VAT structure, but also to progressive excise taxes. This result is partly explained by the progressivity of the excise tax on car fuel, but is also sensitive to peculiarities in the data about alcohol consumption.     

Consumption smoothing in Russia

This paper uses panel data from rounds V–IX of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) to examine the extent to which households are able to protect their consumption from fluctuations in their income. It is found that consumption is only partially protected from idiosyncratic shocks to income with food consumption being better protected than non‐food consumption expenditures. This suggests that adjustments in non‐food expenditures may be an important component of the risk management tools of Russian households. The analysis also provides evidence on the extent and nature of the coping strategies adopted by households. It is demonstrated that households complement their self‐insurance strategies, of borrowing, adjusting their labour supply, and selling assets, with informal risk sharing arrangements with households within their community. An examination of the role of sample selection confirmed that these findings are quite robust to this potential source of bias. Furthermore, accounting for the role of measurement and imputation errors in the measure of household income revealed that OLS estimates may yield a misleading picture about the extent to which urban and rural households are insured from idiosyncratic income shocks. JEL classification: D1, R2, P5.     

浅谈当代中国的法治精神

当前,中国特色社会主义法律体系已基本形成,社会主义法治理念也已初步树立。要突破制约中国法治深入发展的瓶颈,弘扬和培育社会主义法治精神,使中国的法治建设＂形神兼备＂。源自中国传统的和谐价值是当代中国法治精神的核心要素,结合现代法治理念,明确法治精神在立法、执法、司法、守法和法律监督各个环节的作用,并探索其生成的可行途径。