外商直接投资对内资制造业企业的溢出效应：基于地理距离的研究

外商直接投资（FDI）能否帮助本国企业提高生产效率,是一个具有重要学术和政策研究价值的问题。本文基于1998—2003年近百万个制造业企业样本,重点考察FDI对内资企业的净效应,亦称溢出效应。在利用Olley-Pakes全要素生产率估计方法以及固定效应模型的基础上,研究结果表明：溢出效应明显呈现出地区性的特点,即外资能够帮助其周边地区同行业企业提高全要素生产率,而对较远地区企业影响不大。     

生产性服务业FDI对我国制造业技术溢出的渠道分析

本文首先采用Malmquist指数法测算了制造业全要素生产率,并将其增长分解为技术进步和技术效率变化,然后利用省级面板数据考察了生产性服务业FDI对我国制造业的技术溢出效应。结论表明:生产性服务业FDI对制造业生产率的提高具有明显的溢出效应,从溢出渠道看,技术效率效应大于技术进步效应。与制造业FDI相比,生产性服务业FDI对制造业生产率的影响较大,且制造业FDI主要通过技术进步渠道来提升制造业生产率的,二者溢出渠道不同。提升制造业生产率的动力因素呈现地区分化特征,中东部地区主要有生产性服务业FDI、RD投入和人力资本投入等,而西部地区主要依靠人均资本存量、制造业FDI和贸易开放等,这具有一定的政策含义。     

FDI技术溢出的动态演进研究——以广东省为例

与等量的国内资本相比,FDI通常代表着更高水平的生产技术、更先进的组织与管理技能,但FDI带来的到底是技术溢出还是挤出效应？本文以改革开放以来外资利用水平最高的广东省为研究对象,采用DEA法对广东省全要素生产率(TFP)进行了估算.在此基础上,实证检验了FDI对广东省全要素生产率变动的影响,结果发现FDI的流入对广东省全要素生产率(TFP)的提升具有长期稳定的显著促进作用,即FDI的技术溢出是一个长期的趋势性过程,持续时长约10个周期,而且外资通过前向、后向或水平关联效应对广东省的国内投资形成拉动与促进作用,不存在显著的挤出效应.     

FDI、技术溢出与我国造纸产业的技术进步——基于DEA与VAR模型的实证分析

FDI(外商直接投资)的技术溢出效应是发展中国家技术进步的重要来源。在运用数据包络分析法(DEA)测算2000年-2011年中国造纸产业全要素生产率的基础上,将全要素生产率分解为技术效率和技术进步,并通过协整分析、格兰杰因果检验、VAR模型和脉冲响应分析研究FDI与我国造纸产业技术进步的关系。结果表明:FDI对我国造纸产业的技术进步有正向促进作用;并认为FDI对我国造纸产业的技术溢出在短期内存在时滞,更多表现为一种长期的技术累积效应。     

制造业FDI行业内和行业间溢出对全要素生产率变动的影响*

在中国制造2025的大背景下,如何利用FDI来促进制造业全要素生产率、技术效率与技术水平的提升具有重要意义。采用2005—2014年中国制造业的26个行业的面板数据实证分析FDI行业间和行业内的技术溢出对全要素生产率变动的影响,结果发现行业内直接溢出能有效促进内资制造业全要素生产率和技术效率的提高;行业内间接溢出则会挤占内资企业的生存空间阻碍全要素生产率、技术效率和技术水平的增长;行业间后向关联程度能显著且明显地促进内资制造业全要素生产率和技术效率的提升;行业间前向关联程度能显著但微弱地抑制内资制造业全要素生产率和技术效率的提升。     

财政补贴能否对企业全要素生产率形成溢出效应?

统筹财政可持续性和经济高质量发展，客观上要求明确财政补贴对全要素生产率的溢出效应。本文构建溢出-吸收模型，从要素配置效应、示范效应、竞争效应等维度，剖析财政补贴对企业全要素生产率形成溢出效应的理论机制及路径，进而构建企业层面空间权重矩阵，利用固定效应空间杜宾模型进行实证测度。结果表明：财政补贴对企业全要素生产率具有显著正向溢出效应，与考虑内生性后的稳健性检验结果一致。进一步提出溢出企业财政补贴核算方法，并结合变量重构和多重中介效应理论思想，构建溢出效应形成机制检验框架，基于该框架的实证检验支持财政补贴通过要素配置效应、示范效应、竞争效应对企业全要素生产率形成溢出效应这一论断。本文拓展了财政补贴的相关研究，并为财政政策提质增效和促进经济高质量发展提供了经验证据。     

我国制造行业FDI技术外溢效应的实证研究

利用基于DEA的Malmquist指数法以及2003—2007年我国29个制造行业的面板数据,对2003—2007年我国制造行业部门的全要素生产率进行了估计,并对FDI在不同制造行业内资部门的技术外溢效应进行了检验。结果表明:FDI产生的技术溢出促进了我国制造行业全要素生产率的提高,但由于吸收能力存在差异,因此FDI的技术外溢效应在不同的制造行业中也存在显著差异。     

开放经济下知识资本对全要素生产率效应的研究——基于G20国家面板数据模型实证分析

一国知识资本包括人力资本、国内研发资本和国际知识溢出.利用G20国家1996～2010年的面板数据,研究知识资本对全要素生产率的作用.研究表明,国内R＆D投入是推动地区生产率增长的最主要因素;人力资本与生产率增长显著正相关,但对国际知识溢出的吸收效应不容乐观;贸易机制的知识溢出有助于生产率的增长,但FDI机制的知识溢出效应并不明显.     

吸收能力对FDI技术溢出的调节效应研究——来自广东省制造业企业层面的证据

本文基于2001—2007年广东省制造业企业面板数据,运用Levinsohn—Petrin半参数方法估计企业全要素生产率（TFP）,考察了吸收能力对本土企业TFP的影响以及吸收能力对外商直接投资（FDI）溢出效应的调节效应。检验结果发现：本土企业的吸收能力对生产率提升有显著正向作用;吸收能力通过后向关联渠道对溢出效应起正向调节作用,而在水平方向和前向关联渠道上,调节效应呈现负向影响。研究结果还发现,吸收能力的这种作用对私营企业尤其明显。     

中国区域全要素生产率的影响因素分析——基于地理溢出效应的视角

随着区域经济一体化程度的不断增加,区域间经济活动的相互依赖性日益加强,地理溢出效应对区域全要素生产率的影响受到越来越多的关注。利用中国1998—2008年25个省(市、自治区)的相关数据,运用面板数据模型的分析方法,研究了研发资本、人力资本、公共基础设施资本及其地理溢出效应对区域全要素生产率的影响。结果显示,研发资本、人力资本与公共基础设施资本投入对区域全要素生产率具有积极的影响。人力资本的地理溢出效应不显著,公共基础施设资本投入的地理溢出效应为负。研发资本及其地理溢出效应对区域全要素生产率有积极影响,地理溢出效应大于研发资本对本地区全要素生产率的影响。     

Regional foreign direct investment and technology spillover: evidence across different clusters in India

This paper examines whether there exist productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) to domestic firms at the regional level, using firm-level panel dataset covering 22 manufacturing industries in India from 2000 to 2012. In order to estimate the productivity spillovers from FDI at the regional level, we select 10 industrial clusters across 4 regions in India. In estimating productivity, we control for a possible simultaneity bias by using semi-parametric estimation techniques. We find that local firms benefit from horizontal and vertical FDI, but the benefits from the latter are found to be substantially stronger. The absorptive capacity of domestic firms is highly relevant to harvest the spilled technology from foreign-owned firms. Furthermore, we find that domestic firms belonging to high-technology industries benefit more from FDI at the regional level. We also find that market concentration is a crucial conduit for firm innovation, technological upgradation, and having a direct effect on local firm total factor productivity.     

Outward FDI,Total Factor Productivity and Domestic Output: Evidence from Germany

This paper examines the impact of outward FDI on domestic output and total factor productivity by applying cointegration techniques to macroeconomic time series data for Germany. We find a positive relationship between outward FDI and domestic output as well as between outward FDI and total factor productivity. Furthermore, our results indicate that there is bidirectional causality between outward FDI and domestic output, and outward FDI and total factor productivity, suggesting that increased output and productivity are both a consequence and a cause of increased outward FDI. Overall, the results of this paper can be interpreted as evidence of productivity-enhancing, and thus growth-enhancing, effects of outward FDI, which is inconsistent with the simplistic idea that outward investment represents a diversion of domestic economic activity.     

Local Institutions,Foreign Direct Investment and Productivity of Domestic Firms

This paper examines the linkage between foreign direct investment (FDI) and the productivity of domestic firms, paying particular attention to local institutions. Using Chinese manufactures from 1998 to 2007, we find strong evidence that FDI negatively affects the productivity of domestic firms. Firm in regions with better institutions suffers more from foreign presence owing to production contraction, labor cost increases and innovation deterrence.     

Spatial effects of foreign direct investment in US states

Abstract This paper estimates the aggregate productivity effects of Marshallian externalities generated by foreign direct investment (FDI) in US states, controlling for Marshallian externalities and other spatial spillovers generated by domestic firms. A regional production function framework models externalities and other spatial spillovers explicitly as determinants of total factor productivity. We employ a system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator to account for the potential endogeneity of FDI and the presence of spatial lags. Using data for US states from 1977–2003, the results indicate that FDI generates positive externalities, while externalities from domestic firms are negative.     

外资溢出对中国私营企业生产率的异质性影响-来自普查数据的证据

本文利用第一次全国经济普查的企业微观数据研究中国私营企业生产率的异质性对吸收外资溢出的影响。我们发现:(1)企业层面外资份额及其控股与否对企业生产率的积极影响随生产率水平递增;(2)私营企业存在着吸收外资水平溢出和后向溢出的生产率"门槛"效应,即吸收能力的差别;(3)下游外资控股企业的溢出促进了上游大部分私营企业的生产率,而非外资控股的合资企业则对上游生产率较低的私营企业有负的净效应。私营企业面临的外资竞争格局正从各方面形成,而私营部门内部生产能力分化也日渐明显。     

How does FDI affect domestic firms’ wages? theory and evidence from Vietnam

This paper explores the role of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) as a determinant of domestic firms’ wages, namely wage spillovers. We first construct a theoretical model to demonstrate that the presence of FDI firms affects domestic firms’ expected average wages via productivity spillovers and a cut-off capability. We then estimate FDI-induced wage spillovers by employing IV-GMM estimator with a five-year panel dataset of a growing service industry in Vietnam. Despite FDI firms on average pay 2.25 times that of domestic firms, they put a downward pressure on domestic firms’ wages. A one percent increase in FDI presence causes domestic firms to cut average wages by 2.03 percent. The estimations also find that firm-specific features are attributable to significant differences in their wages as well as FDI-linked wage spillovers.     

国际贸易的麦敕勒悖论及其验证:来自美国及OECD成员国的经验证据

本研究采用大数据样本(样本容量为173430)研究了外商直接投资(国外直接投资和港澳台直接投资)外溢效应在空间上的分布规律以及对我国企业生产率的影响,实证结果发现无论港澳台直接投资还是国外直接投资对内资企业均存在外溢的比邻效应;考虑地区进入因素后,外商直接投资对制造业的整体效应估计值降低了;外商直接投资的进入拉大了我国不同区域企业生产率之间的差距。此外,研究结论支持了Arrow(1971)与Findlay(1978)的理论推断。     

ARE THERE PRODUCTIVITY SPILLOVERS FROM FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN CHINA?

We review previous literature on productivity spillovers of foreign direct investment (FDI) in China and conduct our own analysis using a firm‐level data set from a World Bank survey. We find that the evidence of FDI spillovers on the productivity of Chinese domestic firms is mixed, with many positive results largely due to aggregation bias or failure to control for endogeneity of FDI. Attempting over 6000 specifications that take into account forward and backward linkages, we fail to find evidence of systematic positive productivity spillovers from FDI in China.     

Wage,foreign-owned firms,and productivity spillovers via labour turnover: a non-linear analysis based on Chinese firm-level data

Using firm-level panel data from Chinese manufacturing firms over the period 2004–2007, this article investigates the impact of the wage gap between local and foreign-owned firms on foreign direct investment (FDI) spillovers in terms of total factor productivity (TFP). We find a non-linear threshold effect that: a low-level wage gap threshold exists, below which FDI spillovers are significantly negative. This is because FDI spillovers via labour turnover are blocked due to the low wages of local firms, which jeopardizes the flow of skilled workers from foreign firms to local firms. In contrast, when the wage gap reaches a high-level threshold, local firms can get benefits from FDI spillovers. The reason is that high wages of local firms attract skilled employees to leave foreign firms, which yields a large magnitude of worker mobility from foreign firms to local firms. Our article provides evidence that labour turnover as the channel of FDI spillovers only works when the wage gap is beyond some threshold. Also, these thresholds vary across regions and firm ownerships.     

Technology transfers,foreign investment and productivity spillovers

This paper explores the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and the productivity of host country domestic firms. We rely on a specially designed survey of over 4000 manufacturing firms in Vietnam, and separate out productivity gains along the supply chain (obtained through direct transfers of knowledge/technology between linked firms) from productivity effects through indirect FDI spillovers. In addition to identifying indirect vertical productivity spillovers from FDI, our results show that there are productivity gains associated with direct linkages between foreign-owned and domestic firms along the supply chain not captured by commonly used measures of spillovers. This includes evidence of productivity gains through forward linkages for domestic firms which receive inputs from foreign-owned firms.