可持续发展下微观自然资源会计研究

要实现可持续发展的战略目标，就必须从实际出发了解和分析现有的资源利用和管理方式，从根本上解决自然资源的可持续利用问题。本文侧重研究了微观自然资源会计成本的实务处理，并在核算方面提出了自己的建议，以期能够为我国尽早将自然资源会计纳入会计核算中做出一定贡献。     

浅析生态会计在我国推行的重要意义

随着人类可持续发展战略的提出，生态环境问题备受关注，此时，利用传统的会计方法核算产值已经不具备完整性和可靠性，所以生态会计逐渐走入了人们的视野。近几年，继环境会计和可持续发展会计概念的运用，我国也逐渐引入了生态会计这个概念，也得到了一定程度的应用，取得了一些成效，但是还需继续深入的研究，不断的完善。本文针对我国的实际情况，针对可持续发展的问题，分析传统会计体系存在的一些弊病，旨在探讨与指导我国实行生态会计的发展及应用。     

中国可持续发展立法问题研究

1994年，我国政府通过的《中国21世纪议程》，确立了“建立可持续发展的经济体系、社会体系和保持与之相适应的可持续利用的资源和环境基础”的战略目标，并提出了建立和完善中国可持续发展的立法体系的要求。目前，中国可持续发展的立法与经济、社会、生态协调发展的需要相比，是滞后的，软化的，甚至是空白的。因此，与中国可持续发展立法的相关问题亟待探讨和研究。     

《中国21世纪议程》

《中国21世纪议程》是我国政府为解决面临的一系列全球问题的纲领性文件，是我国川世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书。该文件参照联合国《21世纪议程》的框架与格式写成，内容分以下四个部分：可持续发展总体战略、社会可持续发展、经济可持续发展和资源与环境的合理利用。该文件向全世界庄严宣告：中国社会经济不再重蹈发达国家的覆辙，而是要按“低消耗、低污染和适度消费”的模式发展。根据我国的国情，强调可持续发展的前提是发展，即实现经济、社会、人口、资源、环境的协调发展。该文件重视可持续发展的能力建设，即要提高解决全球问题的认…     

浅论绿色会计与可持续发展

可持续发展是现代经济社会的一种新发展观。可持续发展的基本含义就是强调可持续发展是既要满足当代人需要，又不对后代人满足其需要的能力构成危害的发展。这种新的发展观要求我们在经济发展过程中，注意资源的合理利用和环境的科学治理。它的根本目的就是在经济增长的同时，保护好资源和环境，实现经济、资源和环境的“三赢”。     

探析环境会计在我国煤矿企业中的运用

我国是一个资源和能量消耗大国，也是环境污染物排放大国，煤矿企业造成的污染更是占了较大比重。因此，在煤矿企业建立环境会计管理迫在眉睫，可以利用环境会计资料库系统进行清洁生产全成本评估，帮助企业选择较优的清洁生产替代技术，为企业获得生态效益提供理论基础和技术支持，促进企业可持续发展、提高企业生态效益及其真实储蓄。     

可持续发展下微观自然资源会计研究

要实现可持续发展的战略目标,就必须从实际出发了解和分析现有的资源利用和管理方式,从根本上解决自然资源的可持续利用问题.本文侧重研究了微观自然资源会计成本的实务处理,并在核算方面提出了自己的建议,以期能够为我国尽早将自然资源会计纳入会计核算中做出一定贡献.     

环境管理会计体系构建新视角——基于风险导向型角度分析

环境管理会计是会计学科的一个新领域，它融合了风险管理、管理会计和环境会计。环境管理会计作为企业的决策支持系统，其目标之一就是引导企业对环境资源进行合理和有效利用，从而确保企业实现最佳的经济效益，这为环境管理会计在企业中的实际运用提供了现实基础。由此可见，引入环境管理会计既是国际会计界普遍关心的热门话题，也是中国发展循环经济与实现企业可持续发展的客观要求。     

我国企业环境会计核算体系构建及应用思考

从目前来看,随着我国经济的快速增长,对环境的破坏越来越大.针对这一现状,我国对企业提出了可持续发展理念,增强国民的环保意识.环境会计核算体系的构建与应用能够提供大量的企业信息,而且引导企业走可持续发展道路.在企业的经济信息系统中,必须加入环境会计的核算,才能更好的督促企业合理利用资源.     

资源环境可持续发展视角下我国对外贸易发展问题探析

改革开放以来，中国坚持市场化改革和积极的对外开放战略，国民经济一直保持高速增长，取得了举世瞩目的成绩。曾经默默无闻的中国，如今在世界上已有着不容小觑的地位。然而在这发展和前进的背后，却付出了不小的代价，资源的过度开发与利用以及环境的严重破坏问题日益严重。因此，十八大报告和十八届三中全会提到必须树立生态文明理念，把生态文明建设放在突出地位，将其融入经济建设等各方面建设之中。基于资源环境可持续发展视角，在分析我国对外贸易与环境现状基础上，进一步探讨了我国对外贸易对资源环境的影响，并提出了在保护资源环境的前提下促进对外贸易可持续发展的对策建议。     

禀赋不均、信任水平与财富增长——来自实验经济学的证据

财富分配的严重不均会引发一系列社会问题,其中容易被忽视却非常重要的一个是社会信任水平的下降,而信任水平的下降不利于社会发展与财富增长。本文运用实验经济学方法,通过在动态的信任博弈实验中引入一个真实努力任务,研究了不同来源和不同程度的禀赋不均对信任水平的影响,进而考察了不同形式的禀赋不均是否通过信任传导机制造成了不同速度的财富增长和新的财富分布。本文的实验结果发现,相比于完全平等的初始禀赋分布,当初始禀赋分布存在较低程度的不平等时,平均信任水平较高且财富增长较快。但初始的禀赋不平等达到一个较高的程度时,平均信任水平和财富增长速度会显著下降。同时,当初始禀赋存在不平等时,基尼系数会自发地降低,当按劳分配的机制造成的初始禀赋差距过大时,就会抑制基尼系数的自发调节。当且仅当初始禀赋差距过高时,禀赋不平等的来源会影响财富差距的调整。     

中国货币市场:结构视角的经济分析

经济体制改革以来中国货币市场经历了从分散无序到统一规范,再到创新与高速增长继而回归平稳等多个发展阶段,初步构建了一个多元化子市场体系。从不同维度的市场构成变迁看,中国货币市场在产品发行和交易结构失衡且不平稳的背景下,存在交易过度集中化、资金流向结构单一等问题,颇具中国特色。体制转型及特有的信贷管理体制等多重制度约束下的市场功能定位的异化及阶段性转变是导致其结构变迁最为重要的原因。改善子市场体系构成的同时适度打通货币市场与资本市场间的资金连通渠道是促进中国货币市场发展的应有之义。     

Evolutionary Theories in Environmental and Resource Economics: Approaches and Applications

Recent advances in evolutionary theory have important implications for environmental economics. A short overview is offered of evolutionarythinking in economics. Subsequently, major concepts and approaches inevolutionary biology and evolutionary economics are presented andcompared. Attention is devoted, among others, to Darwinian selection,punctuated equilibrium, sorting mechanisms, Lamarckian evolution,coevolution and self-organization. Basic features of evolution, such assustained change, irreversible change, unpredictability, qualitativechange and disequilibrium, are examined. It is argued that there are anumber of fundamental differences as well as similarities betweenbiological and economic evolution. Next, some general implications ofevolutionary thinking for environmental economics are outlined. This isfollowed by a more detailed examination of potential uses ofevolutionary theories in specific areas of environmental economics,including sustainability and long run development theories, technologyand environment, ecosystem management and resilience, spatial evolutionand environmental processes, and design of environmental policy.     

Energy insecurity in Asia: A multi-dimensional analysis

Energy insecurity has been a critical challenge facing Asia’s economic growth. This study constructs a comprehensive index for energy insecurity as well as examines its trend using a sample of 24 selected Asian countries during the 1990–2014 period. For this purpose, principal component analysis is applied to a series of 12 selected variables. The variables are standardized using different techniques including z-score, min-max and softmax normalization. Three different measures of energy insecurity are created accordingly. The empirical results depict the trend of increasing energy insecurity in Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. On the other hand, the trend of fluctuating but recently improving energy security was observed in Hong Kong, Japan, Mongolia, Singapore, South Korea, and United Arab Emirates. Meanwhile, the trend of fluctuating but recently increasing energy insecurity was found in Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, and Tajikistan. These findings are robust to all three measures of energy insecurity.     

Topologies of social interactions

Summary. The paper extends the Brock-Durlauf social interactions model to richer social structures modelled with arbitrary interaction topologies and examines in detail the star, the wheel and the path. It explores Nash equilibria when agents act on the basis of expectations over, and, alternatively, actual knowledge their neighbors’ decisions. It links social interactions with econometrics of systems of simultaneous equations. The local dynamics near steady states combine spectral properties of the adjacency matrix and of the nonlinearities of reaction functions. For regular interaction topologies, adjustment exhibit relative persistence. Cyclical interaction is associated with endogenous spatial oscillations and islands of conformity.Received: 12 August 2004, Revised: 20 May 2005, JEL Classification Numbers: C35, C45, C00, D80.I am grateful to a referee and the editor for very insightful comments and suggestions, and to the National Science Foundation and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for generous research support. I thank Frank Alexander, Costas Azariadis, Kenneth J. Arrow, Jean-Pierre Aubin, Rob Axtell, Marcelo Bianconi, Larry Blume, Buz Brock, Marcelo Coca-Perraillon, Steven Durlauf, Glenn D. Ellison, Roland Fryer, Hans Haller, Anna Hardman, Alan Kirman, Alexandros Kyrtsis, Chuck Manski, Costas Meghir, Sharun Mukand, Lynne Pepall, Apostolis Philippopoulos, Danny T. Quah, Bertrand Roehner, Jose A. Scheinkman, Adriaan Soetevent, Dimitri Vayanos, Peyton Young, Gerard Weisbuch, Jeff Zabel and other participants in presentations of earlier versions at the joint Brookings and MacArthur Research Network on Social Interactions and Economic Inequality, the Athens University of Economics and Business, the University of Texas-Austin, ASSET 2001 in Rethymno, the Connectionist Complexity Workshop, Institut Henri Poincaré, Paris, 2003, and the North American meeting of the Econometric Society, San Diego, CA., 2004.     

英国脱欧事件对主要货币汇率的影响分析——基于事件分析法

2016年6月24日,英国脱欧公投公布结果,时任英国首相卡梅伦宣告脱欧阵营获胜。消息一出不仅英镑汇率大跌,大多数非美元货币汇率也明显走低。外汇市场是流动性最强、交易量最大的金融市场,对重大事件高度敏感。本文系统梳理英国脱欧始末和开启脱欧进程后的关键事件,运用事件分析法构建分析主要货币汇率变化趋势的模型,以英镑、欧元、日元、人民币汇率数据为研究对象,深入探究政治事件影响汇率的渠道和程度。研究结果表明,英镑与欧元始终受到英国脱欧事件的显著影响,与无协议脱欧风险正相关,即在无协议脱欧风险上升时币值走低,无协议脱欧风险消除时币值走高。相比于欧元,英镑受到的影响更强烈。日元和人民币的汇率仅在英国脱欧公投事件中受到显著影响,较少受后续脱欧进程的影响。本文的研究有利 于动态了解和把握主要货币汇率波动的内在规律和差异性,以便我国更好地应对黑天鹅事件冲击,做好人民币汇率预期管理。     

Micro-meso-macro

Building on the ontology of evolutionary realism recently proposed by Dopfer and Potts (forthcoming), we develop an analytical framework for evolutionary economics with a micro-meso-macro architecture. The motive for reconception is to make clear the highly complex and emergent nature of existence and change in economic evolution. For us, the central insight is that an economic system is a population of rules, a structure of rules, and a process of rules. The economic system is a rule-system contained in what we call the meso. From the evolutionary perspective, one cannot directly sum micro into macro. Instead, we conceive of an economic system as a set of meso units, where each meso consists of a rule and its population of actualizations. The proper analytical structure of evolutionary economics is in terms of micro-meso-macro. Micro refers to the individual carriers of rules and the systems they organize, and macro consists of the population structure of systems of meso. Micro structure is between the elements of the meso, and macro structure is between meso elements. The upshot is an ontologically coherent framework for analysis of economic evolution as change in the meso domain - in the form of what we call a meso trajectory - and a way of understanding the micro-processes and macro-consequences involved. We believe that the micro-meso-macro analytical framework can greatly enhance the focus, clarity, and, ultimately, power, of evolutionary economic theory.JEL Classification: B0, C0, D0, E0, O0, P0Kurt Dopfer, John Foster, Jason Potts: We acknowledge to those who have discussed these ideas with us at the Schumpeter Society Conference, Gainesville US 2002; ECG seminars, UQ Economics, Brisbane (also students of ECON7900); Doctoral seminars at University of St. Gallen 2002, 2003; Wartensee Workshops on Evolutionary Economics 2001, 2002, 2003; the MPI in Evolutionary Economics, Jena; SPRU, University of Sussex, Brighton; and the Brisbane Club Workshop, Manchester 2002. Our many discussants have helped us see our way through the muddled (and sometimes seriously muddled) thinking that had happened along the way, and especially when it was our own. So the usual disclaimer shall apply, although perhaps with unusual force. Special thanks also to G. Blind and K. Morrison.Correspondence to: Jason PottsDare we suggest a new category in the JEL classification - (S0) Meso Economics: General.     

Coevolution of economic behaviour and institutions: towards a theory of institutional change

Traditionally, economics has regarded institutions, notably norms and regulations, as fixed or exogenous. Surprisingly few insights on institutional evolution from natural and social sciences have made their way into economics. This article gives an overview of evolutionary theories of institutions in biology, sociology, anthropology and economics. These theories are subsequently compared with non-evolutionary theories of institutions. Next, the insights and approaches are integrated into a framework for analysis of institutions based on the notion of coevolution.JEL Classification: B52, D10, D70, D64, Z13J.C.J.M. van den Bergh     

Economics,Democracy, and the Distribution of Capital Ownership

This article holds that widespread, practical access to capital acquisition is essential for sustainable widespread economic prosperity and democracy. The founders of the U.S.A. agreed that sustainable democracy required widespread ownership of land to provide a viable earning capacity sufficient to support robust participation in democratic government. The importance of widespread land ownership to individual prosperity and sustainable democracy was supported not only by the prevailing philosophical views of property, it was also apparent to the common man and woman. Compared to Europe, America offered widespread access to land ownership, higher wages, better work conditions, cheaper staples and greater individual freedom, equal opportunity, prosperity, and political participation. This conviction that widespread access to ownership is a necessary condition for widespread prosperity and sustainable democracy continued throughout most of the nineteenth century, but today public discourse reveals virtually no trace of this once universally held opinion. This article suggests that the disappearance of this conviction can be traced to an erroneous view shaped by neoclassical economics and Keynesian economics. According to this view, (1) the disappearance of the American frontier and industrialization made the goal of widespread capital ownership either impractical or of little or no economic significance and (2) by way of technological advance, sufficient earning capacity and consumer demand to promote growth and sustain democracy can be achieved, without widespread ownership, primarily through jobs and welfare. Although differing in many respects, both mainstream schools, along with Adam Smith’s classical economics, share one common but unstated economic assumption: the broader distribution of capital acquisition (in itself) has no fundamental relationship to the fuller employment of people and capital, the broader distribution of greater individual earning capacity, and growth. Contemporary thinking, shaped by these economic schools, also tacitly assumes that widespread capital ownership is not essential for the sustainable individual earning capacity needed to support robust democracy. This erroneous “ownership-neutrality assumption” (1) contradicts both the views of America’s founders and the colonial experience, and (2) provides theoretical justification for structuring capital markets and capital acquisition transactions to unfairly and dysfunctionally favor existing owners at the expense of broader ownership distribution, more widely shared prosperity, greater efficiency, ecologically friendly growth, and a vital democracy. America’s conscientious founders would be shocked by the diminished importance of the distribution of ownership in the mainstream analysis of prices, efficiency, production, growth, and democracy. Rather than enhancing democracy, they would view the “ownership-neutrality assumption” of mainstream economics as contributing to its deterioration and corruption. They would openly search for economic analysis built on an alternate assumption more consistent with their understanding of the requisite conditions for sustainable democracy. This article advances an economic analysis that suspends the ownership-neutrality assumption, replaces it with a “broader-ownership-growth assumption,” and suggests a voluntary market strategy for substantially broadening capital ownership, enhancing individual earning capacity, and providing the widespread economic prosperity needed for robust democracy.     

Income inequality, democracy and growth reconsidered

Persson and Tabellini (Persson, T., Tabellini, G., 1992a. Growth, distribution and politics. Eur. Econ. Rev. 36, 593–602; Persson, T., Tabellini, G., 1992b. Growth, distribution and politics. In: Cukierman, A., Hercowitz, Z., Leiderman, L. (Eds.), Political Economy, Growth, and Business Cycles. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 3–22; Persson, T., Tabellini, G., 1994. Is inequality harmful for growth? Am. Econ. Rev. 84, 600–621) as well as Alesina and Rodrik (Alesina, A., Rodrik, D., 1992. Distribution, political conflict, and economic growth. In: Cukierman, A., Hercowitz, Z., Leiderman, L. (Eds.), Political Economy, Growth, and Business Cycles. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 23–50; Alesina, A., Rodrik, D., 1994. Distributive politics and economic growth, Q. J. Econ. 109, 465–490) have argued that income inequality reduces economic growth rates among democracies because it promotes distributional struggles. In this paper I question the supportive evidence for a number of reasons. Measures of income distribution and democracy are unreliable and permit only very tentative conclusions. Changes in data sources or recoding of some influential cases affect results. It is questionable whether equality effects on growth apply only within democracies, as a median voter interpretation of this relationship should make one expect. The general idea that distributional struggle hurts the growth prospects of nations, however, receives some empirical support.