Special gains from trade with socialist countries: The case of Tanzania

Trade does not necessarily benefit all trading partners and heavy dependence on trade is a precarious matter. Trade with socialist countries could confer special advantages on Third World trading partners thus making a net benefit more likely. However this requires conditions in which trade ceases to be ‘mere exchange of commodities’ and becomes an element of planned economic integration. Given a non-planned Third World country like Tanzania and given recent approaches to international trade by most socialist countries, it is not surprising that Tanzania is shown to have derived no particular benefits from its trade with the socialist countries. The trade was merely an exchange of commodities, with the possible exception of the trade with China.     

India's trade with the socialist countries

India's trade with the socialist countries increased most rapidly after 1960. This rapid growth occured in a framework of bilateral trade agreements, the distinct feature of which was that payments for all transactions were made in rupees. The USSR was by far the most important trading partner. Bilateral rupee trade provided India with imports that were essential for its development programme and was also responsible for a little more than 40 per cent of the growth in India's total exports between 1960/1 and 1972/3. In view of the fact that a large proportion of it constituted a net increase in exports and was probably at better terms of trade, there is no doubt that India derived substantial benefits from its trade with the socialist countries.     

论我国海外投资立法的完善

随着"走出去"战略的进一步实施,我国海外投资取得了迅猛的发展,但我国的海外投资立法明显滞后于海外投资的发展速度和规模。海外投资立法的原则包括社会主义国家的海外投资应该不同于资本主义国家的海外投资,投资必须促进东道国的发展,尤其是东道国人民的自由全面发展。海外投资立法的完善应优先考虑扩大海外投资的主体、加强海外投资的监管制度、改进海外投资的保险制度。     

The impact of a labour-intensive road construction programme in the Vhembe District,Limpopo Province

This study investigates the distributional impacts of labour-intensive projects under the Gundo Lashu programme in the Limpopo province. The aim was to evaluate infrastructure effectiveness of the Extended Public Works Programme, focusing on the interface between road investment and economic development as the central premise. The objective was to evaluate the impact of the programme on the participants and their communities. Specific areas of impacts investigated are mobility, income, work opportunities, poverty reduction, sustainable livelihoods and opening of access to market opportunities. A matched case–control study design was adopted. The study found that the programme had achieved its objectives related to the total number of jobs created and the total road length constructed. However, the programme showed mixed results on communities' socio-economic outcomes and the impacts of the programme on poverty and sustainable livelihoods.     

How to Model a Child in School? A Dynamic Macrosimulation Study for Tanzania

Universal primary education is regarded as one of the key pillars of sustainable development. The positive influence of education on growth is supported by many empirical studies. However, the effects of education on labour supply, poverty reduction and welfare as well as subsistence agriculture are hardly traceable in an econometric set‐up, given the complex interactions and the long‐term nature of education. An economy‐wide dynamic simulation model provides a well‐suited toolkit to analyse the effects of increased school provision in these aspects and provides insights into the intertemporal aspects of the schooling decision of children. We develop a macroeconomic model that explicitly includes education and human capital allocation, and takes into account that the possibility of child labour increases the opportunity costs of human capital formation. In an application for Tanzania, we find that a large‐scale investment programme in education might have a negative effect on both gross domestic product (GDP) growth and high‐skilled labour supply in the short term but leads to higher GDP and welfare as well as significantly reduced child labour supply in the medium to long term.     

The Currency Ratio in Tanzania: An Econometric Analysis

Abstract: This study tested some key hypotheses on the determinants of the currency ratio in Tanzania. The econometric results suggest that real income is, as theorized, negatively related to and a significant determinant of the currency ratio in Tanzania. The estimated income elasticity coefficient, found to be far less than unity, suggests there is poor substitution between currency and demand deposits in Tanzania. The results also showed that expected inflation was negatively related to the currency ratio in Tanzania. While the structural adjustment programme was found to increase and shift upward the currency ratio function in Tanzania, the liberalization of the financial sector was found to shift decrease and shift downward the currency ratio function. Most institutional variables were found to lack the expected sign and significance in explaining the currency ratio in Tanzania, probably because of inadequacy of the proxies used.     

新疆新农村建设中农村固定资产投资增长机制研究

投资是拉动经济增长的“三驾马车”之一,农村固定资产是拉动新疆农业和农村经济增长的动力。本文从经济和社会两大层面深入分析了新疆农村固定资产投资对新农村建设的促进作用,剖析了现阶段农村固定资产投资结构存在的问题,并对扩大农村固定资产投资规模,完善固定资产投资增长机制,加快新农村建设提出了相关的政策建议。     

社会主义市场经济条件下私人资本收益性质探析

资本剥削是资本主义生产方式特有的本质特征。在社会主义市场经济条件下，私人资本投资利润所得是按生产要素分配的收益，是合法的非劳动收入，不应将之教条地视同剥削。以社会主义国家法律为界线，只有非法、违法的投资牟利才能叫剥削。一部分人通过诚实劳动和合法投资先富裕起来，带动全民创业，共同富裕，这正是社会主义的本质要求和根本目的。     

Why did socialist economies fail? The role of factor inputs reconsidered

This article presents new estimates for investment and new growth accounts for three socialist economies between 1950 and 1989. Government statistics reported distorted measures for both the rate and the trajectory of productivity growth in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland. Researchers have benefited from revised output data, but have continued to use official statistics on capital input, or estimated capital stock from official investment data. Investment levels and rates of capital accumulation were much lower than officially claimed and over‐reporting worsened over time. A setback in factor accumulation—both investment in equipment and labour input—contributed very significantly to the socialist growth failure of the 1980s.     

Convergence or Convenience? International Conservation NGOs and Development Assistance in Tanzania

International conservation NGOs and development agencies have historically operated independently of one another. Recently, their agendas have converged to consider both environmental and human needs, with an emerging focus on private sector involvement in conservation. New funding from international finance institutions has become available for NGO initiatives, and today there is little difference between the environmental strategies of international development agencies and those of the major conservation NGOs operating in Tanzania. While this is due in part to independent shifts in both sectors, NGOs may also be serving to carry out and legitimate the neoliberal policies of development institutions.     

统筹城乡发展情势下重庆土地储备整治战略研究

重庆成为全国统筹城乡综合配套改革试验区之后,统筹城乡改革将为重庆市的土地储备整治提供新的发展机遇,而通过大力推进农村土地整治则搭建了新农村建设和统筹城乡发展的新平台。文章提出了统筹城乡背景下土地储备整治的战略目标和战略总方针,并从以下几个方面提出了土地储备整治战略的实施策略：建立政府主导的管理体制,运用多种手段积极参与宏观调控;坚持市场运作的利益机制;坚持不断创新土地储备整治管理体制;积极推动土地整理产业化,形成多元化投融资机制;积极推进土地整理评价工作;加强土地整理立法研究,进一步健全法律机制。     

An integrated planning model for investment in urban infrastructure and pricing municipal services

This viewpoint proposes an iterative, cyclical and incremental model for preparing and pricing a capital investment programme and budget for municipal infrastructure services. South African towns and cities are used as case‐studies. The model links capital investment, operation and maintenance (supply) to the prices offered or paid by the beneficiaries (demand). Ignoring the conventional framework for the development of an area, this viewpoint concentrates on how capital investment for municipal infrastructure services could be planned and programmed and prices or tariffs determined. Given that socio‐economic trends in most municipalities in South Africa are unpredictable, short‐ to medium‐term capital investment planning is emphasised.     

我国大学生社会主义核心价值体系教育解析

社会主义核心价值体系是社会主义和谐社会建设进程中的一个重大创新,是社会主义制度的内在精神和本质属性,它决定着社会主义的发展方向、目标和战略,是兴国之魂。系统研究大学生社会主义核心价值体系教育,探索大学生社会主义核心价值体系教育的新路子,对于促进大学生全面发展,加强和改进大学生思想政治教育,培养社会主义事业接班人,构建和谐社会,具有重大的理论意义和实践意义。     

融资约束、协同创新策略与企业研发投入——基于世界银行中国企业调查数据的分析

利用世界银行中国企业微观调查数据对融资约束、企业间协同创新策略与企业研发投入三者之间的作用关系进行了研究。结果表明:融资约束和企业协同创新策略对企业研发投入分别 具有显著的负向抑制作用和正向促进作用;企业协同创新在一定程度上能够通过缓解企业面临的 融资约束以促进企业研发投入;但企业协同创新的融资约束缓解机制对于大中型企业及出口型企 业的研发投入促进作用不显著,而对其它类型企业研发投入促进作用显著。据此,促进企业协同 创新,为企业协同创新创造良好的外部环境,深化金融市场改革,完善金融市场建设,将有利于 促进企业研发投入及国家创新体系的培养。     

民营资本投资旅游业的SWOT分析及对策——以浙江湖州为例

随着旅游经济的发展和人们对旅游产业地位的认同,掀起了一轮对旅游休闲业的投资热潮。民营资本以其灵活的经营机制、富有活力等优势,纷纷投资旅游业,但其本身的缺陷,一定程度上制约了民营旅游产业的发展。因此,笔者以浙江湖州地区为例,探讨民营资本投资旅游的优势与机遇、劣势与挑战,并提出相应对策。     

基于生产函数的中国零售业发展的实证研究

基于Cobb-Dauglas生产函数的分析,以2010年全国各地区的截面数据为样本,利用Eviews软件进行模型回归,对我国零售业的发展进行实证研究,实证研究结果表明：零售业的资本和劳动4~Z-45需加大,并且投入产出不平衡,投资效益仍处于较低水平;零售业的发展还没有实现规模效应;资本投入对物流的产出影响大于劳动投入对其的影响。最后,根据研究结果,为我国零售业的发展提出相应对策。     

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES: CHINA AND INDONESIA COMPARED

China's and Indonesia's development strategies have been compared with others, but rarely with each other. Radically different political contexts have produced both similar and distinctly different development patterns. Each using formal planning, Indonesia spurred radical reforms to promote growth, whereas China opted for incremental reforms to ‘grow out of the Plan’, as a political device and to discover what policies and institutions worked. Both strategies produced environments largely conducive to rapid development. Indonesia relied on a few economic technocrats to oversee development; China used decentralisation and party reforms to create a credible environment for non-state investment. Both shared concern for agricultural reform and food security; both opted to open up for trade—China gradually, Indonesia radically. Both did well in growth and poverty reduction following reform. China's growth performance is in a league of its own, especially since Indonesia's Asian crisis setback, but Indonesia had more equitable growth and survived a difficult political transition with, in hindsight, modest costs.     

本国与东道国的双重机制下——中国主权财富基金压力分析及其解压路径研究

中国主权财富基金——中国投资有限责任公司（CIC）作为中国唯一的主权基金,尚缺乏一套完善的投资策略与投资管理机制。本文从微观层次出发,以CIC的内部治理机制、外部投资困难和东道国机制为研究对象,详细分析了中国主权财富基金在发展过程中存在的问题和面临的压力,并结合我国情况提出了相应的具体解压路径与策略。     

Supply‐leading versus Demand‐following Hypothesis: Empirical Evidence from Three SSA Countries

Abstract: This study investigates empirically the direction of causality between financial development and economic growth in three sub‐Saharan African countries — Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania. The study seeks to answer one critical question: Does financial development in sub‐Saharan African countries exhibit a supply‐leading or demand‐following response? Using three proxies of financial development against real GDP per capita (a proxy for economic growth), the study finds that the direction of causality between financial development and economic growth is sensitive to the choice of measurement for financial development. In addition, the strength and clarity of the causality evidence is found to vary from country to country and over time. On balance, a demand‐following response is found to be stronger in Kenya and South Africa, whilst in Tanzania a supply‐leading response is found to be dominant. The study therefore recommends that for Kenya and South Africa the real sector of the economy should be developed further in order to sustain the development of the financial sector. However, for Tanzania, there is need for further development of the financial sector in order to make the economy more monetized.     

关于无锡实现现代化的探讨

本文论述了在经济全球化的冲击下 ,以“独立自主、扩大开放”方针为指导 ,制定国家经济安全战略的几点思考 ,以维护国家的经济利益 ,保障有中国特色的社会主义现代化事业的顺利进行。