转型期社会冲突的经济学分析

本文试图从亚里士多德正义的分配和矫正视角,分析我们转型时期社会冲突产生的深层原因。指出转型期政府和社会冲突产生的逻辑关系,并进一步对当今和谐社会的建设提出建议。     

A cost-benefit analysis of landmine clearance in Mozambique

After reviewing the nature and extent of the landmine problem in Mozambique, this article applies cost-benefit analysis to landmine clearance in that country. The main benefits of clearance are saved lives, injuries and medical costs and the agricultural output that is not lost if landmines are cleared. A very large negative net present value was estimated, a result explicable by the high costs of clearance, the relatively small number of people killed or injured by landmines and the low value of agricultural productivity per hectare. The article concludes with a discussion of the role of the economist in analysing such issues and suggests some alternative areas in which financial resources would provide a greater positive impact on the welfare of Mozambicans.     

Project evaluation and social‐cost benefit analysis in LDCs: Awkward issues for a useful approach∗

This paper outlines some limitations of social cost‐benefit analysis (CBA) and reviews the advocacy of its use in LDCs. It argues that account should be taken in social CBA of the optimality of imperfect decision‐making and the costs of information gathering and processing. This supports the view that simple may be optimal. It is pointed out that because of informational requirements and institutional factors, the technique may lead to bias against small projects, small countries and to urban bias. Furthermore, in the past the technique has overstressed the (economic) evaluation phase of the project cycle in comparison for instance, to the identification phase. The importance of taking account of environmental spillovers and externalities in LDCs in project evaluation has not been recognized in the past by a number of economic analysts but this is changing. Many criticisms of social CBA appear to be based upon unreasonable expectations about the perfectability of decision‐making. The technique has social value if it ensures that socially unsatisfactory projects are not selected and that those selected are satisfactory, if not optimal.     

关于农村社会冲突的研究综述

近年来我国农村社会冲突呈现出逐步上升趋势。本文分析农村社会冲突特点,以利益纠纷、政府管理、意识提升等视角综述了农村社会冲突多发的原因,并从政治改革、经济发展、思想教育三大方面着手,总结出具体的处理对策。     

Education,employment and inequality in LDCs

This paper presents a review of empirical links between education, employment and inequality in developing countries. In particular it discusses the issue of relative validity and the normative aspect of inequality indices, and breaks down the inequality theme into before- during-and after-schooling components. This paper also contains an agenda for future research in this area.     

检验类大型医疗设备成本效益分析

[目的]文章对南京市妇幼保健院检验科全自动血液分析仪、全自动生化分析仪、全自动酶联免疫分析仪、精液分析仪和全自动药敏分析系统进行成本效益分析,为医院大型设备管理和购置决策提供经济学依据。[方法]利用投资收益率和投资回收期等方法对检验科大型医疗设备进行效益分析。结果:五台大型检验设备除全自动药敏分析系统外,其他设备净收入总体平稳,有增长趋势。[结论]临检设备可为医院创造较好的经济效益。成本效益分析有助于制定科学、合理的管理措施,从而有效提高设备的经济效益和社会效益。     

On fertility,migration and remittances in LDCs

In this paper, we examine the effect of migratory opportunities for children on fertility when the decision by the child whether and how much to remit is endogenous to the analysis. We differentiate between two classes of motivations to remit and four changes that are likely to increase the return to migration. We demonstrate that the effect of each of these changes on remittances depends on the motive for remittances. Given that the demand for children as assets depends on the returns to them of which remittances constitute a part, we identify links between motivations to remit and the demand for children.     

A note on poverty and gender in Spain

This article focuses on the gender distribution of poverty in Spain. Our basic objective is determining if poverty is equally shared between men and women. The source of the data is the Encuesta Básica de Presupuestos Familiares 1990–1991. Having analyzed three poverty rates—the head count ratio, the income gap ratio and the normalized income gap ratio, with three poverty lines (25%, 40%, and 50% of the mean) and two income variables (OECD equivalent household income and per capita household income)—it cannot be said that the women are “over-represented” amongst the poor in Spain in 1991.     

和谐社会背景下民间法对农村社会冲突的控制

和谐社会构建已成为人们关心的重要问题。而农村社会冲突也是影响和谐社会建设的重要因素。本文从民间法及特点出发,分析了当前农村社会冲突的特点,提出民间法对农村社会冲突的控制。     

Imperfect Labor Mobility and Unemployment in LDCs: Reply

In a recent paper (Parai and Beladi 1997; PB hereafter), we have analyzed the implications of growth and trade policies for a small open economy facing imperfect labor mobility and unemployment of the Harris-Todaro variety. We have used the Casas (1984) specification of the labor immobility phenomenon for a Harris-Todaro type economy, and have shown that most of the results in Harris-Todaro framework remain unaltered even under imperfect labor mobility, provided that the elasticity of labor mobility parameter exceeds a critical minimum value. On the optimal tariff issue, Gilbert and Mikic (1997; GM hereafter) find our results counterconventional. In GM's view, the nonconventional result in PB is due to our simplification of the labor mobility specification given by Casas. In this note, we offer our response to GM's comments.     

Investment in education in developing nations: Policy responses when private and social signals conflict

In most developing countries the net private benefit of higher education exceeds its net social benefit because education-related wage differentials are excessive and the beneficiaries of higher education are subsidized. The resulting political pressures seem to favor investment in education over the creation of employment opportunities. A more balanced allocation of investment may require the revision of basic policies dealing with wage determination, the incidence of educational costs and the role of private sector education. The aim should be narrow the gap between private and social signals and thus reduce excess private demand for higher education.