城乡公共福利差距的影响因素研究

长期以来,我国财政投入明显偏向城市的政策使城乡基本公共福利存在着巨大差距。随着我国国民经济的快速发展,国家经济实力的增强,农村公共福利供给有所改善,但城乡在教育、卫生医疗、社会保障、基础公共设施和就业服务等方面存在很大差距。目前,在我国公共福利分配主要由地方财政承担的前提下,区域经济发展不平衡、各地区财力大小的不同等因素是导致我国城乡公共福利差异的主要原因。     

公立医院公益性问题研究

近年来,公众之所以会对"公立医院是否具有公益性"产生疑问,是源于社会上对"公立医院收费使它们丧失了公益性"的批评,而这种批评又混淆了公立医院提供医疗服务应不应当收费和医疗费用最终应当由谁支付这两个不同的问题。因此,文章在综合各种公益性概念并对公益性给出一个确切定义的基础上,分别梳理了目前国际上医疗费用筹措与医疗服务提供的几种主要方式,分析各自的优缺点,指出了增加公共医疗支付的必要性。文章最后提出,目前我国一些城市试行的"按病种付费"的体制,可望根据实际情况进行改进以后在更大的范围内推广。     

Welfare Effects of Different Public Expenditures and Taxes in the Netherlands

This paper explores the welfare effects of public consumption, income transfers and public investment financed through different types of taxes. One surprising result is that, contrary to public consumption goods, public capital goods do not necessarily become less attractive if distortionary taxes, rather than lump-sum taxes, are necessary to finance them. The numerical simulations reveal that the net welfare effects of public investments in the Netherlands are typically positive if financed through lump-sum taxes or distortionary taxes on labor. However, if a source-based capital tax is adopted to finance public investments, the overall welfare effect may be negative.     

Welfare Effects of Price Integration in Local Public Transport

Abstract ** :  In metropolitan areas collective transport is often supplied by many firms and in many modes. The paper focusses on the merging of decisions about prices in two market regimes: monopoly and benevolent regulation through Ramsey pricing. The results confirm that centralization entails efficiency gains under monopoly whenever a unique supplier substitutes many firms serving each link of a network. Under benevolent regulation, instead, centralization entails efficiency gains only under certain conditions. Moreover, efficiency improvements under Ramsey pricing involve the introduction of cross subsidies among previous regulatory jurisdictions. Hence some users gain while others lose. Both the theoretical and empirical literature suggest that periphery residents are the main beneficiaries of centralization .     

产业聚集能提升区域公共福利水平吗

鉴于我国经济发展过程中的空间不平衡现象,本文从理论与实证两个层面研究产业聚集对区域公共福利水平的影响.研究表明,在其他条件不变的情况下,区位熵与区域人均教育支出和人均社会保障支出水平呈U型关系;在处理模型中的内生性问题后,产业聚集对区域公共福利指数存在非线性的影响,临界值在区位熵为1.23～4.56之间.这意味着初始阶段的产业聚集将对社会服务性公共福利产生“挤出效应”;而在超过临界值之后,政府将调整其公共支出结构,从偏向生产性投资转为偏向公共福利方面.因此,推进城镇化与产业聚集协同发展、引导产业适度转移、协调中央与地方政府对公共福利的供给责任,是提升区域公共福利及其均等化的有效措施.     

Inflation, Welfare, and Public Goods

In this article we study the welfare effects of monetary policy in a simple overlapping generation economy in which agents voluntarily contribute to a public good. Inflation has two effects at equilibrium: it increases voluntary contributions and it misallocates private consumption across time. We show that the aggregate effect is welfare-improving for "not too large" inflation rates. Moreover, there exists an optimal inflation rate.     

Endogenous Public Policy, Politicization and Welfare

In the two–stage political–economic game that we study public policy is the outcome of the interaction between interest groups and a two–tier government. Implementation of a policy proposed by a bureaucrat requires approval by an elected politician. The objective function of the bureaucrat hinges on the weight assigned to social welfare relative to the rent–seeking outlays of the interest groups. This weight represents the degree of politicization of the government. Our main result is that, in contrast to common belief, increased politicization need not adversely affect the public well–being.     

心理会计、公共福利保障与居民消费

消费需求不足是我国经济快速增长过程中的一个突出问题。考虑到经典理论的局限性,我们提出了基于心理会计的消费行为假说,并对假说的真实性进行了验证。研究发现,居民心理会计账户结构的变化是当前制约我国消费需求增长的根本原因,而改革进程中出现的一些制度结构的失衡是问题的根源。据此我们指出,通过提高公共福利和社会保障水平,降低经济发展过程中的不确定性进而调整居民心理会计账户的结构,与单纯增加居民收入相比能够更加有效地促进消费的增长。     

Environmental Funds,Public Abatement,and Welfare

This paper addresses some features of environmental funds that the government uses to finance public abatement with pollution tax revenue or tariff revenue. I find that when the pollution tax rate and the tariff rate are jointly chosen optimally, then the optimal pollution tax rate is higher than the Pigouvian tax rate under public abatement financed by tariff revenue, and lower when public abatement is financed by pollution tax revenue. Furthermore, I show that the optimal tariff rate is positive regardless of which tax revenue is used to finance public abatement. These results are relevant for countries where the government seeks revenues earmarked for the financing of environmental funds.     

公益类科研院所绩效考核体系的构建

在我国事业单位当前的运营机制下,单位部分员工竞争意识薄弱、工作流于形式、工作状态懒散等问题时有出现。因为它既不属于企业范畴也不属于政府机关范畴,是存在于这二者中间的服务机构,并且是面向社会大众提供公益性服务的单位。其工资发放来自于国家财政拨款,员工们收入稳定,生活自给自足,而隶属于事业单位管辖范围内的公益类科研院所自然也是这样,与其它单位不同的是,公益类科研院所承担的是国家有关科学研究的重大任务,那么科学工作者们的绩效考核也就显得十分重要了。文章围绕公益类科研院所绩效考核体系构建的原则、必要性来进行相关论述,以公益类科研院所实际情况为基础,设定科学的绩效指标考核体系,并对绩效考核体系未来的发展趋势进行了探究。     

试论知识产权公益诉讼制度在我国的构建

一、知识产权公益诉讼的含义及特征 公益诉讼是一个舶来品，并非一个既定的法律术语。从历史渊源看，公益诉讼制度可以追溯到古罗马时期。罗马法规定：以保护个人所有权为目的，仅由特定人才能提起的诉讼为私益诉讼；以保护社会公益为目的，除法律有特别规定者外，凡市民均可提起的诉讼为公益诉讼。今天，知识产权公益诉讼制度已在德、法、英、美、日等国家发育得相当成熟。尽管各国对其称谓不同，诸如民众诉讼、公民诉讼、私人检察官制度等等，但其内涵基本相同。     

铁路公益性:理论与经验

本文首先从一般公共产品及其公益性上提出一个分析框架,然后利用这个框架分析了铁路这个公共产品的复杂构成及其公益性特点,接着运用这些理论分析了中国铁路目前的特点和问题,进而提出了中国铁路改革的政策建议,同时对国外铁路依据以上理论进行的改革经验进行了介绍.     

Growth and Welfare Maximization in Models of Public Finance and Endogenous Growth

This paper evaluates the trade‐off between growth and welfare maximization from two perspectives. First, it synthesizes and extends endogenous growth models with public finance to compare the growth‐ and welfare‐maximizing tax rates. Second, it examines the distinct model outcomes in terms of the growth rates and welfare levels. This comparison highlights the range of trade‐offs: the growth‐maximizing tax rate can lie above, below, or on the welfare‐maximizing equivalent. We find however that even relatively large differences in growth‐ and welfare‐maximizing tax rates translate into relatively small differences in growth rates, and, in some cases, welfare levels.     

公司会计信息应坚持公益性,还是商品化

本文论述了会计信息商品化的可能性,并从会计信息的特征角度论证了会计信息商品化不仅缺乏内在动机,也不利于节约交易成本和优化资源配置,且无助于会计信息披露社会目标的实现.据此,笔者认为会计信息商品化是完全不必要的.文章还讨论了会计信息公益品市场缺陷及对策.     

经济波动福利成本研究——从技术的推进到思想的拓展

经济波动福利成本研究的早期量化分析认为,经济波动造成的福利成本微不足道,这一结论成为新古典宏观经济学基本观点的一个重要支撑.而在经济波动福利成本研究的后续研究中,这一领域在技术和思想上不断推进,尤其是增长效应、危机效应等新的福利机制不断被挖掘出来,使得我们对经济波动影响社会福利的机制有了更深入了解,也使得早期结论受到相当的质疑.     

Welfare Impacts of the 1998 Financial Crisis in Russia and the Response of the Public Safety Net

We compare welfare indicators for a nationally-representative sample of Russians interviewed shortly after the 1998 financial crisis with data on the same people two years earlier. Both objective and subjective measures reveal a widespread, though not universal, deterioration in welfare. Current expenditures generally contracted more than incomes. Inequality fell. There were both gainers and losers at all levels. The safety net's response fell far short of what was needed to protect living standards, but it did help prevent even greater poverty. Even without better targeting, a modest expansion of the safety net could have prevented an increase in income poverty in the aftermath of the crisis.     

公益类科研机构进入高等学校的实践与思考 --以湖北省岩崩滑坡研究所为例

通过湖北省岩崩滑坡研究所并入三峡大学的实践，提出了科研机构进入高校的关键是找准结合点，有利于优势互补、整合资源、形成合力、共谋发展的思考。     

日本民生部门低碳社会建设的举措及启示

近年来,节能减排、建设低碳社会已成为发展潮流,日本在此方面走在了前列.本文首先介绍了日本能源消费与二氧化碳排放和低碳社会建设的基本情况;其次,重点分析了日本民生部门建设低碳社会的举措,如:天然气的深度利用、热泵和太阳能的推广应用、零能耗建筑的建设等;最后,从日本建设低碳社会的经验中得到:建设低碳社会将会带来巨大商机、清晰明确的发展目标与路线图和企业技术创新的重要作用、应由点到面再到发展“智能能源网络”的策略等启示.这些举措将对我国推进低碳社会的建设有所帮助.