关于网络联保贷款方式的探究

由阿里巴巴率先创立的网络联保贷款为解决中小企业融资难提供了新的解决思路。网络联保贷款是一款不需要任何抵押的贷款方式,由3家或3家以上企业组成一个联合体,共同向银行申请贷款,同时企业之间实现风险共担。由于无需抵押、贷款利率低、手续简便,因此其成为解决中小企业融资难问题的一个很好的方法。但是网络联保贷款方式作为解决中小企业融资难问题的新型方式,依然存在着发展的瓶颈。对此本文提出了相关建议,以促进网络联保贷款的健康发展。     

中小企业网络联保贷款优势的一种理论解释

本文从降低交易成本的理论角度出发,分析了网络联保贷款的优势。认为在引入网络公司后,网络联保贷款能进一步降低信息不对称,信用约束机制能更有效地抵制机会主义行为,实质性地降低贷款的交易成本,从而促进中小企业融资。并且就完善网络联保贷款制度提出相关的建议。     

中小企业网络联保贷款优势的一种理论解释

本文从降低交易成本的理论角度出发,分析了网络联保贷款的优势。认为在引入网络公司后,网络联保贷款能进一步降低信息不对称,信用约束机制能更有效地抵制机会主义行为,实质性地降低贷款的交易成本,从而促进了中小企业融资。并且就完善网络联保贷款制度提出相关的建议。     

金融机构联保互保信贷研究--以江西省吉安市为例

联保互保信贷模式起源于孟加拉乡村银行联保小组,从1997年被我国政府作为扶贫项目开始试点推广以来,在满足弱势群体需求、增进社会福利、促进农村经济繁荣等方面发挥了积极作用。2000年以前,我国联保互保贷款主要应用在免息或低息贷款的农村扶贫项目,信贷资金的提供方主要是农村金融机构。近年来,联保互保贷款被广泛运用于小微企业贷款中,以解决中小企业资质不高、抵押品不足的问题,参与机构逐步扩展到国有商业银行、股份制银行和城商行。与此同时,联保互保固有的一些缺陷与风险也逐渐暴露,特别是近期上海、青岛钢贸联保企业集体违约事件的爆发,让金融机构重新审视联保互保对企业还款的约束作用。为了深入了解联保互保模式的利弊,防范可能发生的违约风险,本文以吉安市联保互保贷款的特点入手,分析联保互保贷款的优势和存在问题,为今后商业银行科学、理性地开展此项业务提供借鉴。     

基层农户联保贷款的风险特征与模式优化

农户融资难题是农村金融体系面临的核心问题。基于连带责任、信息对称和相互监督为设计基础的农户联保贷款是当前农户融资的主要途径。但由于实际担保能力缺失、违约的羊群效应和违约成本低等因素的影响,造成了当前农户联保贷款规模下降、风险上升。本文通过logistic模型的农户联保贷款还款率影响因素分析得出,联保小组的信息传导效果、地区信用状况等是影响联保贷款不良率的显著因素,并以此提出有效提高联保贷款信贷质量、优化联保贷款模式的政策建议。     

大银行、小企业与网络联保

网络联保贷款模式是电子商务领域的信用信息供给与商业银行需求之间的合作,实现了商业信用和银行信用的捆绑与整合,缓解了中小企业的信用信息不足,有效降低了银企间的信息不对称问题.网络联保贷款作为正规金融的制度创新,给出了大型银行服务中小企业的伞新模式,同时实现了瓦助联保应用领域上的跨越,顺应了网络经的发展趋势,拥有巨大的发展潜力,理应在更大区域推广,成为解决中小企业融资困境的有效途径.     

中小企业联贷联保业务风险约束探讨

中小企业联贷联保业务是由若干借款人组成一个联合体，每个借款人均对联合体贷款总额度提供连带保证责任，银行藉此发放一定额度的贷款。联贷联保业务是在团体贷款成功经验的基础上，从制度创新方面探索的一种新型授信模式，它不单纯依赖抵押物，而是通过充分调动企业在贷款申报和贷款管理过程中的主观能动性，利用企业的现有和可利用资源（私人信息资源、关系资源和社会资本等），增强企业还款的约束力，一定程度解决中小企业融资难问题．风险约束问题是联贷联保业务的核心。[编者按]     

中小企业财务风险研究——以互保联保贷款风险为例

互保联保贷款为中小企业融资提供了一种可行的渠道,但是也存在很多风险隐患。本文首先分析了中小企业互保联保贷款中存在的风险,并对这些风险产生原因进行了分析,进而结合互保联保的现状提出了加强中小企业互保联保贷款风险管理的政策建议。     

中小企业联保贷款的同伴监督有效吗?——基于上海钢贸业的统计检验

2012年以来,中国中小企业联保贷款的违约让人们对这种贷款方式产生质疑。以往关于联保贷款的研究主要集中在同伴监督的便利性上,却忽略了联保贷款中同伴监督的专业能力。本文首先分析了联保贷款中信息的获得和解读过程,并以上海钢贸业为例分析了同伴监督中的专业能力问题,从而提出了待检验的假设;其次,对钢贸商的贷款知识进行了相应的检验,发现借款人确实缺乏相关的贷款知识;最后,根据研究结论给出了相应的政策建议。     

中小企业联保贷款模式之困及化圈解链之策

中小企业联保贷款模式在很大程度上解决了中小企业的贷款难问题,也降低了银行的贷款风险,但其机制设计将诸多企业如连环扣一般嵌于一条"互保链"上,容易因担保链断裂而引发多米诺骨牌效应。本文结合福建省长乐市的实际,针对中小企业联保贷款模式发展现状和机制设计之困,提出由当地政府及行业协会出资协调、增强银行同业间的沟通合作、将融资方式由圈式融资转变为链式融资等风险控制策略。     

Predicting unlisted SMEs' default: Incorporating market information on accounting-based models for improved accuracy

The risk associated with lending to small businesses has become more important since regulations started obliging banks to use separate procedures in assessing SMEs' credit worthiness. However, current accounting-based models for SMEs do not account for the impact of market information on default prediction. We fill this gap in the literature by introducing a hybrid default prediction model for unlisted SMEs that uses market information of listed SMEs (comparable approach) alongside existing accounting information of unlisted SMEs. Our results suggest that the accuracy of this default prediction modelling approach in the hold-out sample, during the period of the financial crisis 2007-09 and for the entire sample-period, improves considerably. We conclude that the proposed hybrid model is a good replacement for existing standard accounting-based methods on SMEs' default prediction.     

成本收益角度的小微企业金融服务内生动力研究——基于浙江银行业小微企业贷款业务的典型分析

小微企业“信息不透明、缺乏有效抵押资产”等秉性,决定了小微企业融资难是一个长期存在的社会难题。解决这一持续性难题客观上需要用商业可持续的模式,即应符合投融资主体风险可控、成本可控和合理盈利的利益机制。因此,能否按照商业可持续原则,调动各相关方的积极性,尤其是激发当前仍为小微企业融资主渠道的银行业机构的内生动力,是推动小微企业融资难问题逐步缓解的关键所在。本文拟从成本收益角度,剖析大型银行与中小银行在小微企业授信决策方面的共性和差异性,探索在现行金融组织架构下纾解小微企业融资难的有效模式和路径。     

Predicting SME loan delinquencies during recession using accounting data and SME characteristics: The case of Greece

The objective of this paper is the comparison of various credit‐scoring models (i.e. binomial logistic regression, decision tree, multilayer perceptron neural network, radial basis function, and support vector machine) in evaluating the risk of small and micro enterprises' (SMEs') loan delinquencies based on accounting data and applicants' specific attributes. Exploiting a representative large data set of SMEs' loans granted by a large Greek commercial bank in the expansion period, we track the evolution of SMEs' delinquencies over the recession period August 2010 to July 2012. This time frame encompasses a period of manageable levels of delays (early recession period: August 2011–July 2012) and a period when delays were increased to a very high degree (deep recession period: August 2011–July 2012). Comparison of the employed credit‐scoring models during the early recession period shows that the multilayer perceptron neural network produces the highest predicting capacity, followed by the support vector machine model. As the crisis deepens, the support vector machine model presents the highest predicting accuracy, followed by the decision tree and then the multilayer perceptron model. Generally, the predictive performance of all credit‐scoring models seems to be substantially reduced as the recession escalates. Our paper has important implications for the proper financing of SMEs given their importance for the European economy.     

The role of venture capital in SME loans in China

We examine the role of venture capital (VC) in small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) loans through samples on the National Equities Exchange and Quotations (NEEQ) in China. We find that VC backup can effectively improve SMEs’ access to bank loans, especially short-term loans, at lower costs, and loans without collateral. VC backed loans are also less likely to default and positively related to SMEs’ performance. Our findings further suggest that VC backup reduces the information asymmetry between banks and SMEs through both “hard” information of better-quality financial statement and “soft” information of SMEs’ creditability. Evidenced by enhanced SME financing conditions and bank efficiency in loan allocation, the combined debt-equity financing scheme can be a meaningful new ingredient in the financial infrastructure of the largest emerging market.     

Comparative advantages of regional versus national banks in alleviating SME's financial constraints

This paper provides new evidence on the impact of local banking market structure on SME's access to credit and emphasize the comparative advantages of regional versus national banks in alleviating SME's financial constraints. Matching a unique dataset on bank branch-level and firm-level information for a sample of 33,165 French manufacturing firms over the 2005–2013 period, we rely on two alternative indicators to capture different dimensions of SMEs financial constraints and find significant differences in the drivers of these constraints. While higher market share of regional banks or stronger presence of geographically-focused banks helps to alleviate SMEs' short-term credit constraint, higher market share of national banks or stronger presence of geographically-diversified banks is beneficial to reduce SMEs investment cash-flow sensitivity. Moreover, in both cases, SMEs' financial constraints are strengthened in functionally-distant markets. In addition, during crisis times, the benefits of relationship banking on short-term credit constraint remain and, in some cases, are reinforced. We also find that these benefits differ according to SMEs pre-crisis financial health. Regional banks facilitate access to short term credit for firms which were more profitable before the global financial crisis and particularly those who experienced a sharp decline in profitability in troubled times, supporting the hypothesis of continuation lending by relationship banks during economic downturns.     

信息不对称视角下的中小企业融资困境分析

近年来在央行货币政策趋紧的背景下,中小企业融资难的呼声越来越高,在中小企业密集的长三角、珠三角地区出现了倒闭潮,其生存状况甚至比金融危机的时候还要艰难。针对该情况,本文从信息不对称的视角,分析了商业银行与中小企业、商业银行信贷人员与商业银行、中介机构与商业银行、中小企业与民间资本这四重信息不对称关系,借助海英纳模型,得出解决信息不对称是缓解中小企业融资困境的重要环节,并提出相应的建议。     

The political economy of SME financing and Japan's regional bank problems

Japan's regional bank problems are accumulating non-performing loans, lack of diversification, and the absence of effective competition. We argue that the problems should be addressed in conjunction with the financing of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and the political interests of the central and regional governments. The political interests may necessitate funding suboptimal investment projects of regional SMEs or keeping non-performing SMEs alive. In particular, loan repayment guarantees reduce the banks' incentives to screen loan applications, increase the chances that poorer quality projects get funded, and harm competition by deterring entry of other banks. We also offer some policy implications.     

Enhancing Loan Quality Through Transparency: Evidence from the European Central Bank Loan Level Reporting Initiative

We explore whether transparency in banks’ securitization activities enhances loan quality. We take advantage of a novel disclosure initiative introduced by the European Central Bank, which requires, as of January 2013, banks that use their asset‐backed securities as collateral for repo financing to report securitized loan characteristics and performance in a standardized format. We find that securitized loans originated under the transparency regime are of better quality with a lower default probability, a lower delinquent amount, fewer days in delinquency, and lower losses upon default. Additionally, banks with more intensive loan level information collection and those operating under stronger market discipline experience greater improvement in their loan quality under the new reporting standards. Overall, we demonstrate that greater transparency has real effects by incentivizing banks to improve their credit practices.     

利率市场化、银行竞争与中小企业信贷可获性

金融机构贷款利率全面放开后,大型企业与银行的议价能力提高,而中小企业信贷可获性问题则需要多角度分析。利率市场化从两方面影响中小企业融资问题,一是利率浮动带来的直接影响;二是通过加剧商业银行竞争程度带来的间接影响。文章构建了银企博弈和商业银行竞争两个模型对中小企业信贷可获性进行理论分析,结果表明,无论放开贷款利率上限管制还是下限管制,随着商业银行竞争的加剧,长期来看中小企业信贷可获性都得到了提高。