商品价值的两种存在形态

物化劳动不是商品价值的惟一存在形态。是否创造有形物质产品不是创造价值的必要条件。物化劳动只是有形商品价值的存在形态。服务劳动是一种商品,活劳动是其价值存在形态。因此,商品价值应有两种存在形态：一种是物化劳动形态,另一种是活劳动形态。     

On the Existence of Chaotic Policy Functions in Dynamic Optimization

Applying the characterization results from Mitra and Sorger (1999), we show that topological chaos is a robust phenomenon in standard aggregative growth models even under arbitrary mild discounting. Furthermore, we state exact discount factor restrictions, under which two of the most popular examples of chaotic dynamics, the logistic map and the tent map, can be optimal policy functions of aggregative growth models.
JEL Classification Numbers: C61, O41.     

利息税存废的经济学分析

开征储蓄存款利息税可起到了一定的刺激消费、抑制居民储蓄存款的作用,但征税后对消费和储蓄的总效应为消费减少而储蓄增加。这是利息税对储蓄的收入效应和替代效应在中国具体的市场经济环境中综合作用的结果。为此,政府应采取措施改善居民对未来收支的预期,制定配套保障体系和税收政策,加快建设高效资本市场的步伐,引导一部分储蓄存款进入证券投资领域,合理调整居民消费和投资结构。     

论国有劳动密集型企业的生存与发展

经过多年来深化改革，众多的国有企业大体上向两方面发展，石油、钢铁、矿山、铁路、电力、电网、航空、航天、金融、公路、邮政等关系到国家安全的行业基本上掌握在国家手里，而处于资源垄断行业的地位。这种行业民营企业极难进入，这就排除了国内市场竞争的因素，产品供应相对短缺，产品价格由国家批准，保持了较高的利润。垄断型国有企业的上交利润达到全国国有企业上交利润的80％以上。     

On the Existence and Uniqueness of Pure-Strategy Nash Equilibrium in Asymmetric Rent-Seeking Contests

There can be three types of heterogeneity among players in a rent‐seeking contest. First, effectiveness of player's effort on the winning probabilities may differ among players. Secondly, players may evaluate the rent or prize of the rent‐seeking contest differently. Thirdly, players may face different financial constraints. This article proves under standard assumptions in the literature that there exists a unique pure‐strategy Nash equilibrium in a general asymmetric rent‐seeking contest with these three types of heterogeneity among players.     

论《普宁》中的经验存在与超验现实

小说《普宁》中,纳博科夫通过对同名主人公普宁的一系列回忆与幻觉等超验现实的描写,并以松鼠作为其一贯的意象,阐释了一种独特的艺术现实——超验现实.这种现实与普宁的经验存在相互交错,表明普宁为了摆脱现实生活的种种困境,在潜意识里充满了对过去生活的留恋,但这种超验现实终究抵挡不住经验存在的残酷,普宁最终不得不面对失业等一系列他想借助回忆与幻觉来逃避的现实.     

财政政策对私人消费非线性效应的存在性及触发条件研究

文章通过构建财政政策与私人消费关系的理论模型,初步证明了财政政策对私人消费可能存在的非线性效应以及财政政策究竟发挥何种效应是由触发条件内生决定的事实。在此基础上文章运用门限模型,将触发条件量化为门限指示变量,并以1993年1月至2009年11月的月度数据为样本对上述问题进行了实证研究。结果发现:(1)在样本期内,财政支出政策对私人消费总体上表现为凯恩斯效应,与此相对的是税收政策表现为显著的非线性效应,并以税收增长率0.287为临界值,财政政策从凯恩斯区制向非凯恩斯区制转移;(2)我国财政政策非凯恩斯区制与高通胀区制高度吻合,即在经济出现高通胀的情况下,财政政策可能引发非凯恩斯效应;(3)我国财政政策对私人消费的促进作用十分有限,乘数效应并不明显。故政府应对财政政策做出适当的调整,在积极解决当前高通胀问题的同时,确保私人消费有效增长。     

Stable governments and the semistrict core

We consider the class of proper monotonic simple games and study coalition formation when an exogenous weight vector and a solution concept are combined to guide the distribution of power within winning coalitions. These distributions induce players' preferences over coalitions in a hedonic game. We formalize the notion of semistrict core stability, which is stronger than the standard core concept but weaker than the strict core notion and derive two characterization results for the semistrict core, depending on conditions we impose on the solution concept. A bounded power condition, which connects exogenous weights and the solution, turns out to be crucial. It generalizes a condition termed “absence of the paradox of smaller coalitions” that was previously used to derive core existence results.     

Stable cartels revisited

Summary. This paper analyzes cartel stability when firms are farsighted. It studies a price leadership model á la D Aspremont et al. (1983), where the dominant cartel acts as a leader by determining the market price, while the fringe behaves competitively. According to D Aspremont et al. s (1983) approach a cartel is stable if no firm has an incentive to either enter or exit the cartel. In deciding whether to deviate or not, a firm compares its status quo with the outcome its unilateral deviation induces. However, the firm fails to examine whether the induced outcome will indeed become the new status quo that will determine its profits. Although the firm anticipates the price adjustment following its deviation, it ignores the possibility that more firms may exit (or enter) the cartel. In other words, the firm does not consider the fact that the outcome immediately induced by its deviation may not be stable itself. We propose a notion of cartel stability that allows firms to fully foresee the result of their deviation. Our solution concept is built in the spirit of von Neumann and Morgensterns (1944) stable set, while it modifies the dominance relation following Harsanyis (1974) criticism. We show that there always exists a unique, non-empty set of stable cartels.Received: 20 August 2002, Revised: 11 August 2004, JEL Classification Numbers: C79, D43, D49, L13.On page 921, the final paragraph as well as the two references by Rothschild were inserted.This revised version was pulished in February 2005.I would like to thank Joseph Greenberg, Licun Xue, Daniel Arce M. and Curtis Eberwein for their helpful suggestions on an earlier draft. I am indebted to an anonymous referee for his very constructive comments.     

积极推行稳健的货币政策

１９９７年亚洲金融危机以后,我国经济增长放慢,投资和消费增长趋缓,出口大幅回落,市场有效需求不足,物价连续负增长,出现了通货紧缩趋势。这主要是因为我国货币供应存量偏多,企业特别是国有企业负债率过高,贷款有效需求不足,且主要问题是经济结构失衡,而不是货币供应不足,因此我国提出了在实行积极的财政政策的同时,实行稳健的货币政策。实行稳健的货币政策,不是收缩货币供应,而是适当增加货币供应。稳健的货币政策主要包含：灵活运用货币政策工具,保持货币供应量适度增长;及时调整信贷政策,引导贷款投向,促进经济结构调…     

隐蔽的上帝：关于存在的游戏——论戈德曼悲剧观的形上意义

"隐蔽的上帝"是戈德曼悲剧观最重要的前提,由此导引出了他全部理论的核心--"打赌".在对"此在"意义的发问中,它恢复了人与世界的统一,赋予了向希腊时期就被抛弃了的古典主义回复的希望,因而使得人的模棱两可的存在具有了有意义的悖谬性质.被打赌存在的"上帝"其实是一种关系,一种随着历时性发展而不断被建构的批判性反思关系.这才是悲剧观的全部意义.     

Existence Value and the Contingent Valuation Method

People express concern about the possible extinction of animal species which they will never see, about damage to wilderness areas they will never visit, and so on. Such concerns are often interpreted by economists in terms of 'existence' or 'passive use' values. Three views have been proposed regarding the appropriate way of dealing with existence values in benefit-cost analysis. First, the existence values and concerns about environmental preservation that are not related to use may be disregarded. Second, concerns about environmental preservation may be taken into account, but not interpreted as existence values or evaluated in monetary terms. Third, the benefit-cost analysis may be modified to incorporate monetary estimates of existence values. Advocates of the third approach have developed a range of techniques for eliciting existence values, collectively referred to as the contingent valuation method. In this paper, the concept of existence value and the techniques of contingent valuation are surveyed, with the aim or providing a basis for comparisons of the three approaches described above.     

生态理性--限度性存在的哲学思考

On the earth,human beings and all other lives are living bothin an endless universe and a limited world.The reason is thatin contrast to the individual,the integral is endless forever;and the individual in contrast to the integral is limited forever.Lives,species and human beings in term of the world are theindividual vs the integral.So the world we are living in is onewith limitation.When our behaviors and activities exceed thelimitation the world gives to us,the world surely falls into theim…     

短信文化现状及其作为文化产业之思考

短信,又称短消息。第一条短信于1992年由英国的沃达丰公司发送成功,我国于1998年开通手机短信,而短信市场则是在2000年正式启动。其后使用短信的手机用户逐年增多,随着手机短信由纯文本形式到融声音、图片、文字于一体的多媒体短信的进化．我国手机短信用户在2002年达到了一个高峰,2002年全     

Stable Coalition Structures with Externalities

This paper argues that the sign of external effects of coalition formation provides a useful organizing principle in examining economic coalitions. In many interesting economic games, coalition formation creates eithernegativeexternalities orpositiveexternalities for nonmembers. Examples of negative externalities are research coalitions and customs unions. Examples of positive externalities include output cartels and public goods coalitions. I characterize and compare stable coalition structures under the following three rules of coalition formation: the Open Membership game of Yi and Shin (1995), the Coalition Unanimity game of Bloch (1996), and the Equilibrium Binding Agreements of Ray and Vohra (1994).Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C72, C71.     

Existence and stability of overconsumption equilibria

Growth models with endogenous mortality assume generally that life expectancy is increasing with output per capita and, thus, with individual consumption, whatever its level is. However, empirical evidence supports a U-shaped relationship between consumption and mortality, implying that the monotonicity of that relation is local but not global. This paper develops a two-period OLG model where life expectancy is a non-monotone function of consumption, and where agents form myopic anticipations about life expectancy. The existence, uniqueness and stability of steady-state equilibria are studied. It is shown that overconsumption equilibria — i.e. equilibria at which consumption exceeds the level maximizing life expectancy — exist in highly productive economies with a low impatience. We identify also conditions under which there exist long-run cycles in output and longevity around overconsumption equilibria.     

Existence of Sparsely Supported Correlated Equilibria

We show that every N-player K ₁ × ... × K _N game possesses a correlated equilibrium with at least zero entries. In particular, the largest N-player K × ... × K games with unique fully supported correlated equilibrium are two-player games. We thank an anonymous referee for most useful comments. The first author acknowledges financial support from Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology, grant SEJ2004-03619, and in form of a Ramón y Cajal fellowship. The second author acknowledges support by the PASCAL Network of Excellence under EC grant no.506778, as well as from Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology and FEDER, grant BMF2003-03324. Both authors also acknowledge financial support from BBVA grant “Aprender a jugar.”     

基于稳定分布条件的GARCH模型研究

本文应用GARCH模型对1995～2008年的沪深A股指数收益率序列进行分析,对正态分布、学生t分布、广义误差分布以及稳定分布下的GARCH模型进行对比研究,发现基于极大似然准则和AIC信息准则下,新信息服从稳定分布的GARCH模型优于其他模型。