医院经济效益模型

本文分析了什么是医院经济效益的主要因素,分析了这些因素与收益之间的关系,并建立了收益的数学模型。     

Community income distributions in a metropolitan area

We extend de Bartolome and Ross [C.A.M. de Bartolome, S.L. Ross, Equilibrium with local governments and commuting: Income sorting vs. income mixing, Journal of Urban Economics 54 (2003) 1–20] to the case when the income distribution in the metropolitan area is a continuous distribution. In particular, we consider a circular central city surrounded by a suburban community. All households must commute to the metropolitan center and public service levels differ in the two jurisdictions. There is intra-jurisdictional and inter-jurisdictional capitalization. Our model has an equilibrium in which the income distributions of the central city and of the suburban community do overlap. Our finding contrasts with the traditional finding of Alonso–Mills–Muth-type models of spatial sorting and of Tiebout-type models of fiscal sorting, both of which have been shown to predict that the income distributions of the two communities do not overlap. In addition, the model explains the fixedness in jurisdictional boundaries.     

什么因素在多大程度上影响了居民地区收入差距水平?——基于1987～2005年省际面板数据的分析

在改革发展的进程中,我国居民地区收入差距呈现出阶梯型上升的态势。2006年以来差距程度虽有所下降,但差距仍然过大。居民地区收入差距的拉大是由物质资本、人力资本、政府政策、全球化、城镇化和经济体制改革等诸多因素造成的。本文在实证分析的基础上认为,就各影响因素之的贡献度来看,物质资本因素对于居民地区收入差距具有34.5%的贡献,人力资本、政府政策和全球化因素的贡献度均超过10%,而城镇化和经济体制改革因素的贡献度相对较低。     

Who pays for whom? Elements of a macroeconomic approach to income inequality

National income is generated through national production in the form of ‘value added’; it is expended on goods and services in the form of ‘disposable’ or ‘net’ income. In this paper, I investigate what happens in between. The circuit of income flows generated in this way is comparable to the circuit of product flows, in its complexity. It can be analysed, so the tenet of the paper, in a similar way, by means of well-known tools of input–output (IO) analysis; this on the pre-condition, however, that you draw out the institutional framework of an economy in similar detail as is now customarily done for production units in IO analysis. Existing data do not suffice for the purpose, at present; this paper shows, by way of some exemplary calculations, what insight into the mechanism of national income distribution is gained if the necessary data, normally in the form of a large social accounting matrix, are provided.     

Neighborhood income distributions

This paper studies purely empirically aspects of the distribution of income within small neighborhoods and contrasts it with the income distribution at higher level of aggregation, such as census tracts and metropolitan areas. It relies on a unique feature of the American Housing Survey, whose 1985, 1989 and 1993 waves provide data for small residential neighborhoods. These consist of a dwelling unit and up to ten of its nearest neighbors. The paper employs several parametric and non-parametric econometric tools to measure income sorting in US residential neighborhoods. It documents the patterns of dependence among neighbors' income and imperfect sorting, with moderate but very significant correlation among incomes of neighbors and of considerable income mixing in US neighborhoods. These results persist even if choice-based sampling and heterogeneity across the sample are accounted for. Neighborhoods associated with a randomly selected renter are more sorted than those associated with an owner even though such owners are more likely to define their neighborhoods.     

商品贸易结构变动对劳动收入份额的影响

本文从贸易结构变动出发为研究我国劳动收入份额变动的原因提供一种新的视角。近年来我国商品贸易结构发生了重要变动。理论分析表明,对外贸易不仅通过国际分工和专业化对劳动收入份额产生直接影响,还通过要素密集度变化和技术进步偏向等机制产生间接影响;实证研究发现,出口发展对我国劳动收入份额具有显著的负向作用,进口发展则具有正向作用。进出口贸易对不同要素密集度行业的影响程度与方向存在差异。     

新型农村合作医疗的减贫、增收和再分配效果研究

本文使用2003~2006年覆盖全国30个省区的微观面板数据,对新型农村合作医疗的减贫、增收和再分配效果进行了评估。结果表明:新农合的减贫效果明显,不仅能在农户层面上显著降低贫困发生概率,而且能在省区层面上显著降低贫困率;新农合能显著促进低收入和中等收入农民增收,但需要有利的外部经济环境作为支持条件;新农合能显著降低村庄内部的收入分配不均等程度,但对省区范围内的农民收入分配状况没有产生显著影响。     

Income distribution and well‐being: what can we learn from subjective data?

Abstract. How does the income of others affect my own welfare? This survey of the empirical literature stresses the contribution of subjective data to the understanding of this issue, with an attempt to disentangle direct effects (preference interdependence) from indirect informational effects. It shows that perceived mobility is central to the link between other people's income and individual satisfaction, as it determines individual opportunities and risks. Agents also appreciate the egalitarian nature of mobility itself, so that individual welfare depends on dynamic inequality rather than static income distribution. These studies illustrate how subjective data can bring information on aspects of utility and social interactions that are beyond the scope of the method based on action‐revealed preferences.     

Look before you leap: Why politicians may have a point to be hesitant about the gains from trade

Economists emphasize the welfare gains of unrestricted trade, but politicians worry about the income distribution effects of increased competition. We show that the welfare gains of a trade shock become ambiguous if inaccurate information hinders optimal income redistribution with distortionary policy instruments. To be sure about the net welfare outcome of a compensated trade shock, the government must know the size of the trade shock and the corresponding size of the policy instrument that is needed to generate a balanced budget. If this is not the case, politicians may have a point when being hesitant about the gains from trade.     

基于房价收入比的梯度住房政策体系研究——以上海市为例

为了实现居者有其屋,需要针对不同的收入群体采取不同的住房政策,为此要对居民的住房支付能力进行科学的判断。本文采用国际通用的衡量居民住房支付能力的房价收入比指标,用上海市的实际数据对其进行修正使用,以计算结果作为制定差别化住房政策的标准,建立起长效、稳定的住房经济调控政策与住房社会保障政策相结合的梯度住房政策体系。     

我国收入分配差距扩大对经济运行的影响

现阶段,我国的城乡居民、东西部地区收入差距呈现拉大的形势,收入分配问题已成为不可忽视的重要性议题,党和政府高度重视收入分配问题并提出了一系列改革措施。文中主要是分析了收入分配现状及其产生的相关原因,收入差距扩大对中国经济的影响及所采取的基本对策。     

城镇居民收入分布函数的研究

有关我国居民收入分布函数的研究尚属空白,本文利用2005～2010年安徽省城镇住户调查数据来探讨我国城镇居民的收入分布函数,统计计算表明部分分布函数估计的拟合效果优于非参估计,而参数估计中,多参数分布函数的拟合效果优于两参数分布函数。本文还探讨了部分分布函数的特点及其在收入不平等领域中的运用,我们发现居民平均收入与中位数的比值可以直接用来衡量居民的收入不平等。另外,我们还讨论了在某些分布条件下,贫困发生率与基尼系数之间的数量关系。     

A Generalized Expression for the Commodity and the Industry Technology Models in Input–Output Analysis

Technical coefficients are usually constructed from commodity or industry technology models. Although these models are considered as competing, there is an encompassing framework that admits a clear comparison.     

Profit, productivity and distribution: Differences across organizational forms - The case of Spanish banks

We examine variations in financial and economic performance as a function of organizational form, and, over time. The forms we consider include Spanish commercial banks, savings banks, and financial cooperatives. We decompose multilateral variation in operating profit, our measure of financial performance, into price and quantity effects. We then decompose the latter into a margin effect and productivity change. Our measure of economic performance, productivity variation, is subsequently disaggregated into technical, cost efficiency, and scale. We find that deregulation and liberalization have acted to narrow performance gaps among organizational forms; this, despite less-than compelling evidence that increased competition has contributed to this convergence. For the Spanish banking system as a whole, the margin effect appears to deliver twice as much financial benefit as do improvements in productivity. Importantly, this finding does not vary across organizational form. Such regularity has an important implication: Incentives for growth are apparently provided by a positive margin rather than by the more elusive benefits of economies of scale and improved cost efficiency.     

DEVELOPING A MULTI-SCALE MULTI-REGION INPUT–OUTPUT MODEL

Many efforts have recently been devoted to developing global multi-region input–output (GMRIO) models. Unfortunately, the scales of GMRIO models do not allow them to capture the heterogeneity of regions within a single country. Multi-scale models can provide more comprehensive analyses capable of capturing the interdependencies of the global economy while preserving regional differences. The primary objective of this research is to develop methods for integrating multi-region input–output data sets from multiple spatial scales into multi-scale multi-region input–output (MSMRIO) models. These methods result in models that may have unusual features such as non-square trade coefficient matrices and a mix of industry-by-industry and commodity-by-commodity technical coefficients. To demonstrate the feasibility of MSMRIO modelling, a Canada-centric model was developed. This model includes 47 countries and Canada's 13 subnational regions. A MSMRIO model provides a tool to analyse global issues with a more spatially detailed focus.