How does competition affect bank systemic risk?

Using bank level measures of competition and co-dependence, we show a robust negative relationship between bank competition and systemic risk. Whereas much of the extant literature has focused on the relationship between competition and the absolute level of risk of individual banks, in this paper we examine the correlation in the risk taking behavior of banks. We find that greater competition encourages banks to take on more diversified risks, making the banking system less fragile to shocks. Examining the impact of the institutional and regulatory environment on bank systemic risk shows that banking systems are more fragile in countries with weak supervision and private monitoring, greater government ownership of banks, and with public policies that restrict competition. We also find that the negative effect of lack of competition can be mitigated by a strong institutional environment that allows for efficient public and private monitoring of financial institutions.     

Distance to default,subordinated debt,and distress indicators in the banking industry*

The recent financial crisis has highlighted the inadequacy of present supervisory arrangements to identify reliable ex‐ante indicators of banking distress. For a sample of US bank holding companies, we analyse the extent to which distance to default based on market data can be explained using accounting‐based indicators of risk. We show that a larger number of bank fundamentals help predict default for institutions that issue subordinated debt. For banks that issue sub‐debt, we find that higher charter values and low bank capitalizations further increase the power of bank fundamentals to predict default risk.     

Bank Liability Structure,FDIC Loss,and Time to Failure: A Quantile Regression Approach

Deposit insurers are particularly concerned about high-cost failures. When the factors driving such failures differ systematically from the determinants of low- and moderate-cost failures, a new estimation technique is required. Using a sample of more than 1,000 bank failures in the U.S. between 1984 and 2003, I present a quantile regression approach that illustrates the sensitivity of the dollar value of losses in different quantiles to my explanatory variables. These findings suggest that reliance on standard econometric techniques results in misleading inferences, and that losses are not homogeneously driven by the same factors across the quantiles. I also find that liability composition affects time to failure.

Guarantees,transparency and the interdependency between sovereign and bank default risk

Bank debt guarantees have traditionally been viewed as costless measures to prevent bank runs. However, as recent experiences in some European countries have demonstrated, guarantees may link the coordination problems of bank and sovereign creditors and induce a functional interdependence between the likelihoods of a government default and bank illiquidity. Employing a global-game approach, we model this link, showing the existence and uniqueness of the joint equilibrium and derive its comparative statics properties. In equilibrium, the guarantee reduces the probability of a bank run, while it increases the probability of a sovereign default. The latter erodes the guarantee’s credibility and thus its effectiveness ex ante. By setting the guarantee optimally, the government balances these two effects in order to minimize expected costs of crises. Our results show that the optimal guarantee has clear-cut welfare gains which are enhanced through policies that promote greater balance sheet transparency.     

我国企业债券违约的特征趋势、融资特点及风险处置机制研究

本文从债券违约的数量规模、行业分布、地域分布、企业属性、债券品种及违约率等方面阐述了我国企业债券违约的特征趋势,分析了我国企业债券违约的主要原因及其所呈现出来的融资特点,探讨了我国企业债券违约后的五种处置方式,认为我国债券违约风险处置机制还不完善,缺少独立法律制度、处置的市场化程度较低、投资者保护机制不健全、对发行人缺乏硬性约束,影响了违约债券的整体兑付水平,投资人利益难以得到有效维护。建议采取多种措施降低债券违约发生率、优化发行人融资结构、建立债券违约的市场化处置机制,以降低债券违约风险,推动债券市场健康发展。     

Market Discipline and the Use of Stock Market Data to Predict Bank Financial Distress

We assess the extent to which stock market information can be used to estimate leading indicators of bank financial distress. We specify a logit early warning model, designed for European banks, which tests if market based indicators add predictive value to models relying on accounting data. We also study the robustness of the link between market information and financial downgrading in the light of the safety net and asymmetric information hypotheses. Some of our results support the use of market-related indicators. Other results show that the accuracy of the predictive power depends on the extent to which bank liabilities are market traded.      

欧洲高收益债券市场违约风险监管研究

多年以来,欧洲一直是仅次于美国的世界第二大高收益债券市场。除了债券自身信用评级水平之外,欧洲高收益债券违约率的高低与市场监管力度以及宏观金融经济运行状况密切相关。欧洲监管当局把对高收益债券市场的监管重点放在:规范市场信息披露及信用评级标准和行为、保护投资者权益、保持交易行为的规范性和跨国界市场交易衔接处理等方面,这些监管策略的实施对控制市场违约风险起到了积极的作用。欧洲的监管经验对于今后我国高收益债券市场的尝试性推出也极具借鉴意义。     

Discussion of ‘Strange bedfellows? Voluntary CSR disclosure and politics’

This article discusses the paper by Griffin and Sun (2013). Griffin and Sun (2013) investigate (i) the association between the company individuals and stakeholders political interests and the intensity of voluntary corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosures, and (ii) investors response to these CSR disclosures. This discussion focuses on issues relating to five key areas of Griffin and Sun (2013), namely, the relationship between political interests and CSR disclosure intensity, the relationship between political interests and investors reactions to CSR disclosure, the political interest proxies employed, sample selection and the empirical analyses.     

股票定价理论的发展及其对我国的适用性研究

股票价格的变动存在很多的不确定性,这些不确定性因素为股票的合理定价蒙上了一层神秘莫测的面纱。为揭开这层神秘的面纱,从股票市场诞生之日起,许多学就对这一课题进行了多方面、多角度的研究,从而形成源远流长、种类繁多的有关理论。本将就目前仍普遍流行并起主导作用的一些定价理论作一概述,并分析其对我国的适用性问题。     

Does Default Probability Matter in Latin American Emerging Markets?

We analyze the impact of default probability in four leading Latin American stock markets: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. We find no positive default-risk premium except in the case of Brazil, and in fact we find a negative risk premium for Argentina and Mexico. The latter effect tends to fade when the analysis accounts for size and book-to-market variables. Although we find no size effect in any of the markets considered, the book-to-market effect is very strong in all of them, and our results reveal a consistent relationship, analogous to that found in more developed markets, between default probability and the size and book-to-market variables.     

The Sensitivity of the Loss Given Default Rate to Systematic Risk: New Empirical Evidence on Bank Loans

We verify the existence of a relation between loss given default rate (LGDR) and macroeconomic conditions by examining 11,649 bank loans concerning the Italian market. Using both the univariate and multivariate analyses, we pinpoint diverse macroeconomic explanatory variables for LGDR on loans to households and SMEs. For households, LGDR is more sensitive to the default-to-loan ratio, the unemployment rate, and household consumption. For SMEs, LGDR is influenced by the total number of employed people and the GDP growth rate. These findings corroborate the Basel Committee’s provision that LGDR quantification process must identify distinct downturn conditions for each supervisory asset class.

基于会计信息的KMV模型实证研究

本文借助KMV模型框架,运用统计方法对大量的公司财务报表数据进行模型参数估计,计算得到了非上市公司的违约距离和经验EDF函数,实现了违约概率的模型估计。实证表明,我国公司在违约距离或违约数量上的真实概率分布均呈现显著的T分布和肥尾特性;违约距离具有较高的风险区分能力;由会计信息进行参数估计的模型导出的EDF具有较高的风险标识精度;进而表明基于会计报表数据的违约风险模型和基于资本市场数据的模型在实证上的有效性非常近似。     

Stock market uncertainty and economic fundamentals: an entropy-based approach

This study investigates the effects of stock market uncertainty on economic fundamentals, represented by economic activities and systemic risk, in China. To capture the uncertainty in the Chinese stock market precisely, we use the entropy measure through symbolic time-series analysis. The empirical findings reveal strong spillover effects from stock market uncertainty to economic fundamentals. Specifically, an uncertainty shock generates (i) a short-term decline in industrial production, (ii) a rapid drop and rebound in the composite leading indicator, and (iii) an increase in systemic risk. To understand these findings, we suggest and validate the transmission channel through changes in consumption and investment.