核心通货膨胀研究——基于SVAR模型

本文在比较核心通货膨胀各种计算方法的基础上,构建包含产出、通货膨胀率和货币供应量的SVAR模型,通过施加三个经济学的长期约束,考察了供给冲击和需求冲击对产出与通货膨胀的影响,并最终估计出我国1997年12月至2011年12月的核心通货膨胀率。通过比较发现,相对于实际通货膨胀率,核心通货膨与其趋势相近,但波动更小,更稳定,在宏观经济调控中,有十分重要的应用价值。     

中国通货膨胀预期和Ex—ante实际利率的测度

本文使用SVAR方法将中国短期名义利率拆分成预期通货膨胀率和Ex-ante实际利率两部分。为了解决SVAR模型识别条件不足的问题,本文使用BQ方法,认为实际利率冲击对名义利率没有长期影响,名义利率的长期波动全部来源于预期通货膨胀率的波动。随后,使用Band-Pass滤波方法得到实际利率的主趋势,通过累加SVAR模型中短期冲击得到Ex-ante实际利率的随机波动,主趋势和随机波动相加得到Ex-ante实际利率,进而得到预期通货膨胀率序列。本文最后分析了货币政策的倾向。     

我国通货膨胀影响因素的理论和实证分析

文章从理论和实证上分析了影响我国通货膨胀的因素。实证分析结果表明,名义货币供给增长率对通货膨胀率有显著的正向影响;通货膨胀率和实际产出增长率存在显著的负相关;通货膨胀惯性对当期通货膨胀也有一定的影响。M2/GDP比率的变化与通货膨胀率存在显著的负相关。     

我国货币政策时间不一致性问题的估计与检验

文章在Barro和Gordon（1983）的理论模型基础上讨论了货币政策的时间不一致性问题，并用我国的通货膨胀率和实际GDP的季度数据来检验中国的货币政策时间不一致问题。检验结果表明，我国货币政策时间不一致问题是存在的，中央银行迫于政府追求较高的经济增长目标而采取相机决策会带来较高的通货膨胀倾向，而由此造成的通货膨胀意外对实际产出的促进作用有限。     

预期、混合菲利普斯曲线与中国通货膨胀动态特征

将货币因素与输入性因素（如汇率、国际石油价格等）引入新凯恩斯混合菲利普斯曲线框架构建高阶滞后的混合菲利普斯曲线模型,并利用1995年第1季度至2013年第2季度的数据进行实证分析,结果显示：总需求变化对我国通货膨胀率的影响很小,而货币因素与输入性因素（如汇率以及国际大宗商品价格变化）成为影响我国通货膨胀率的重要因素;我国通货膨胀主要受到前瞻性预期的影响,而通胀惯性对通货膨胀水平的影响不大;相对而言,货币因素对我国通货膨胀具有最重要的影响。     

我国股票收益率与通货膨胀率相关性研究

本文考察了股票收益率与预期和非预期通货膨胀率之间的关系。长期来看,预期通货膨胀率与股票收益率存在显著的正相关关系,但相关系数较小;非预期的通货膨胀率与股票收益率负相关。在短期内,预期的通货膨胀率变动对股票收益变化无显著影响,只有非预期的通货膨胀率的变化才会显著降低股票收益。     

我国通货膨胀率影响因素的实证研究——基于VAR模型和ADL模型的分析

本文用向量自回归VAR模型和自回归分布滞后ADL模型对影响我国通货膨胀率的货币因素进行实证研究,结果表明我国通货膨胀率变化符合货币数量论学说。研究发现M1增长率与准货币增长率对通货膨胀率的作用相反,用存贷比表示的流动性对通货膨胀率有一定的助长作用,实际利率对通货膨胀率影响较小。据此,本文提出相关的政策建议。     

“不可能三角”视角下的我国货币政策有效性探究

本文首先以"不可能三角"理论为切入点,质疑我国货币政策的有效性。然后通过分析我国货币政策的传导机制,采用1996年1季度至2013年2季度的季度数据进行VAR模型的实证检验,得出主要结论有:(1)汇率和外汇储备的变化确实能影响货币供应,汇率变动是外汇储备变动的原因;(2)我国货币政策主要通过货币渠道来影响实际经济总量,汇率变化对经济总量有长期影响;(3)就货币政策对实际产出的作用效果而言,我国货币政策缺乏有效性;(4)"不可能三角"在我国是成立的。     

阐释"中国之谜"——一个基于扩展的总需求总供给模型

本文在附加预期的菲利普斯曲线基础上,通过引入可变的技术进步变量,修正了新古典的总供给曲线,指出除预期的通货膨胀率、产出缺口外,技术进步也是影响总供给曲线的重要变量;同时将总需求曲线扩展到开放经济条件下,从而推导出了"通货膨胀率-产出增长率"系统下的总需求总供给模型.作为对扩展后模型的检验,本文利用该模型阐释了我国宏观经济运行中的"高增长与低通胀并存"现象.     

中国的产出缺口与通货膨胀

本文给出了产出缺口与通货膨胀率关系的理论框架，应用HP滤波方法估算了我国的潜在产出与产出缺口，并通过基于向量自回归模型的格兰杰因果关系检验实证分析了产出缺口与通货膨胀率的关系。结果显示1994年以来我国通货膨胀预期不是适应性的，而是围绕着一个固定值，也就是说我国存在着传统型的菲利普斯曲线。根据以上结论，本文给出了针对当前经济形势的政策建议。     

What Determines the Sacrifice Ratio? A Bayesian Model Averaging Approach

Existing empirical studies on the sacrifice ratio (measuring the output cost of disinflation) consider a large number of potential explanatory variables including the length of disinflation, various institutional settings, economic conditions, and the political climate. Some results are robust across different studies, while others are not. We address the presence of model uncertainty by using the Bayesian model averaging method to identify the important determinants of the sacrifice ratio, without relying on ad hoc model selection. Our results show that the length of disinflation is the most important variable. This supports the ‘cold turkey’ argument for faster disinflation.     

Disinflation in a DSGE perspective: Sacrifice ratio or welfare gain ratio?

When used to examine disinflation monetary policies, the current workhorse dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model of business cycle fluctuations is able to quantitatively account for the main stylized facts in terms of recessionary effects and sacrifice ratio. We complement the transitional analysis of the short-run costs with a rigorous welfare evaluation and show that, despite the long-lasting economic downturn, disinflation entails non-zero overall welfare gains.     

Cross redundancy and sensitivity in DEA models

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) measures the efficiency of each decision making unit (DMU) by maximizing the ratio of virtual output to virtual input with the constraint that the ratio does not exceed one for each DMU. In the case that one output variable has a linear dependence (conic dependence, to be precise) with the other output variables, it can be hypothesized that the addition or deletion of such an output variable would not change the efficiency estimates. This is also the case for input variables. However, in the case that a certain set of input and output variables is linearly dependent, the effect of such a dependency on DEA is not clear. In this paper, we call such a dependency a cross redundancy and examine the effect of a cross redundancy on DEA. We prove that the addition or deletion of a cross-redundant variable does not affect the efficiency estimates yielded by the CCR or BCC models. Furthermore, we present a sensitivity analysis to examine the effect of an imperfect cross redundancy on DEA by using accounting data obtained from United States exchange-listed companies.     

Het statistische verband tussen arbeidsproduktiviteit en produktie

The statistical relation between labour-productivity and production.
Rising labour productivity can be induced by increases in output, or result from "autonomous" factors. Many induced increases will be irreversible, in particular those associated with "learning" processes. Under conditions of continuous economic growth the learning curve hypothesis leads to a simple exponential relation between labour demand and output in the long run.
In the short run, current and past profits and the profitability of import substitution join output as explanatory factors of labour demand.
In the long run, the effect of growth of capital must be taken into account. Autonomous factors can be represented by an exponential trend. With United States data, increasing returns to scale are still found. Under conditions of a constant savings ratio and continuous population growth a production function, which takes account of all these factors, can be shown to be compatible with a constant labour-output elasticity, however.     

CALL FOR PAPERS

This paper is devoted to an analysis of financial ratio adjustment in European financial statements. To that end, we use an hierarchical model based on the partial adjustment model. This model allows us to distinguish between adjustments that are due to external shocks and which affect all countries, on the one hand, and those resulting from internal shocks which affect the relative position of one country with respect to the rest, on the other. In addition to estimating the average adjustment coefficients of each ratio, we locate those countries that have a behaviour which is significantly different from the rest. We find that, in general, the evolution of the ratios analysed is mainly determined by their adjustments to external shocks, with the ratios related to the profit and loss account demonstrating a greater sensitivity to all types of shocks. By contrast, the debt ratios show the least sensitivity. When considered on a country-by-country basis, the most significant differences appear in the results ratios, with Spain being the country that is most sensitive to external shocks, and Denmark and Germany being least sensitive to all types of shocks.     

A trucker's dilemma: Managerial behavior under an operating-ratio standard

A model of an individually regulated trucking firm is extended to reflect collective regulation by the operating-ratio method as conducted for many years by the ICC. The game-theoretic extension predicts that managers will not respond to a required operating ratio, in cartel-like manner, by increasing expenses in pursuit of higher profit. This result undermines the Commission's stated belief that an operating-ratio standard, even when applied collectively, imparted such an incentive. An empirical test supports the conclusion that tighter regulation, measured by higher achieved operating ratios, did not invite increased employment of the variable factors. On the contrary, tighter regulation is found inversely related to the employment of all factors and, implicitly, to industry output. Deregulation of entry and rates was thus a more likely source of improved managerial efficiency than merely switching from an operating ratio to a return-on-equity standard, as tbe Commission did in 1978.     

Crack spread hedging: accounting for time‐varying volatility spillovers in the energy futures markets

Crude oil, heating oil, and unleaded gasoline futures contracts are simultaneously analysed for their effectiveness in reducing price volatility for an energy trader. A conceptual model is developed for a trader hedging the ‘crack spread’. Various hedge ratio estimation techniques are compared to a Multivariate GARCH model that directly incorporates the time to maturity effect often found in futures markets. Modelling of the time‐variation in hedge ratios via the Multivariate GARCH methodology, and thus taking into account volatility spillovers between markets is shown to result in significant reductions in uncertainty even while accounting for trading costs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The London Business School with Gower Publishing

In October we forecast 1 per cent output growth in 1993 accompanied by little change in retail price inflation, an increase in unemployment to 3.2 million by the end of the year and a £20bn deficit on the current account of the balance of payments. Since then we have revised our view of the international outlook and the Chancellor has made his Autumn Statement. There are also some hopeful signs in the latest data on retail sales, manufactured exports and the money supply that demand may be picking up both domestically and overseas. How do these developments affect our short-term forecast? The simple answer is very little: the outlook on output and inflation in 1993 is barely changed since October (Table I). We have lowered our forecasts for world inflation and for German interest rates which means that the pound can be held steady against the DM at lower UK interest rates and that the inflationary consequences of devaluation, though significant, are slightly less over the medium term than we made out in October. There is one revision of major significance, and that relates to the PSBR, which is now likely to reach f45bn in 1993-4, more than 7per cent of nominal GDP. The change is not on the spending side - the Autumn Statement confirmed existing expenditure plans - but on revenues, notably corporate taxes and tares 011 spending, which have fallen far more quickly than we envisaged. This, in combination with a projected near-2'per cent of GDP deficit on the balance of payments, poses a difficult medium-term policy dilemma. To escape from the twin deficits requires either deflation of demand, which conflicts with the Government's new-found commitment to growth, or a more buoyant economy to boost tax revenues and a competitive pound to underpin export-led growth. Of the two the latter is self-evidently more inflationary. This highlights the policy dilemma: at some stage the Government may have to choose between reducing the deficits and its 1–4 per cent inflation target or sacrifice its commitment to growth.     

Multivariate partial adjustment of financial ratios: a Bayesian hierarchical approach

In this paper we propose a multivariate extension of the partial adjustment model of financial ratios. To that end, we use a dynamic factor model which assumes that financial ratios measuring, essentially, the same economic–financial dimension of the firm evolve in a similar way, reflecting the evolution of the common factor. The proposed model is hierarchical with three levels. The first describes the relationship between each ratio and its common factor; the second describes the evolution of the common factors over time by means of Lev's ( 1969 ) partial adjustment model; and the third analyzes the similarity of firms' adjustment coefficients, taking into account their characteristics. The methodology is applied to the analysis of a set of financial ratios related to the business and financial structure of the firm. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Is the Economy Overheating?

In the last year total output has risen 4 per cent and manufacturing is up 6 per cent. Unemployment has fallen by 400,000. The current account, which was in surplus in the first half of the year, has moved back into deficit. Does this mean that the economy is “over- heating”? In the context of our forecast we examine this issue; we consider how rapidly supply can increase and how fast demand is increasing. We conclude that the growth of output in the last year was initially driven by supply and that, more recently, domestic demand has been growing very rapidly. The emergence of a current account deficit is evidence of excess domestic demand but from now on we expect demand to grow less rapidly. With non-oil supply expanding at a rate in excess of 3 per cent, we forecast steady output growth and little change in either inflation or the current account. In our judgement, the economy, though hot, is not overheating.