交通基础设施、空间溢出与经济增长:来自中国的实证研究

This paper develops an empirical model to test the spatial spillover effects of transport infrastructure on economic growth. It uses spatial econometric techniques and provincial panel data of China from 1993 to 2004 to analyze the contribution of transport infrastructure to the economic growth of local province and its spatial spillover effects on the economic growth of other provinces. The main findings include: (1) Transport infrastructure and economic growth of China show an evident pattern of spatial clustering. They largely congregate in developed eastern coastal regions, forming a gradient gradually diminishing from east to west. (2) Output elasticity of local transport infrastructure is 0.106, between the values calculated by early researchers with time series data and panel data. (3) Spatial output spillovers from transport infrastructure are largely positive, but evidences of negative spatial spillovers are also found with population density spatial weights matrix model.      

增长极溢出效应的空间计量分析——以环首都经济圈为例

中国地区经济发展不平衡,以环首都经济圈为例,运用空间计量模型对增长极溢出效应进行实证分析。分析结果表明,北京经济增长的空间溢出效应对其在地理位置上较接近地区(外围层)比较明显,而对于较远地区(辐射层)则不太明显,即北京经济增长的空间溢出效应具有显著区位差异性。因此,增长极的形成及溢出效应的利用应该在跨区域的范围内统筹兼顾,实现资源的优化配置。     

An empirical study on FDI international knowledge spillovers and regional economic development in China

This article has constructed a framework to analyze the relationship between national innovation investments, international knowledge spillover due to FDI and regional technological progress. We use the panel data sample in 1992–2006 from China’s 29 provinces (municipalities or autonomous regions) to test the impact of China’s regional R&;D investments, international knowledge spillovers of FDI on its regional technological progress. It reveals that the local investments in science and technology are the most important factors to promote technological progress; for the structure and quality of China’s current FDI, the knowledge spillover effects from FDI, especially through the FDI enterprises’ manufacturing activities, are not obvious; the local gains in its technology development from FDI depends on its economic and technological level. Based on the above conclusions we give the corresponding policy recommendations for China’s FDI policy and regional economic development.     

Does method selection matter? A new look at FDI and human capital in Chinese high-tech industries

Using the data that comes from China Statistical Yearbook on High Technology Industry, this paper examines the human capital accumulation, the R&D expenditure and the FDI externality effects on the productivity improvement of Chinese high-tech industries. Our empirical results suggest that the effects of FDI and human capital accumulation on technological progress depend in part on the adopted approaches. We believe that the dynamic model dominates the static model estimates. This paper finds little evidence in support of technological spillovers from FDI and indicate that the technological progresses are mainly rooting in human capital accumulation other than technology spillover induced by FDI in Chinese high-tech industry.     

Technological spillover through industrial and regional linkages: Firm-level evidence from China

This paper provides new insights into the study of technology spillover effects through the interaction between industrial and spatial linkages. We develop a theoretical model that provides a useful modeling framework for spillover research, and then empirically test the model inferences using Chinese firm-level data. Input-output tables and spatial decay measurements are combined to construct the key spillover variables. Using seemingly unrelated regressions, the paper finds that vertical spillover effects are more significant than horizontal spillover effects, both within- and between-regions; regional characteristics have greater impacts on vertical spillovers than on horizontal spillovers; and regional spillover effects vary across different regions. Regional policies and regional endowments, including human capital, transportation infrastructure, and enterprise ownership, are crucial in explaining these heterogeneities in regional technology spillover. Our empirical results provide many policy implications including strengthening the connection between upstream and downstream industries and devoting more R&D to upstream industries.     

生态系统视阈下区域创新效率的多维溢出效应

从创新生态系统视角出发,刻画了知识、产品二阶段创新价值链,利用数据包络分析方法测量了创新效率,将创新效率的价值链溢出、空间溢出纳入统一分析框架。以长三角、京津冀、中部五省、西部七省区市4个区域为研究对象,采用空间计量方法进行了实证分析。结果显示,创新价值链不同阶段创新效率之间存在正向溢出效应,且区域创新活力越强,价值链溢出效应越明显;知识、产品创新效率存在显著的空间溢出效应,且影响程度由西向东呈递增态势;激发区域市场活力、丰富创新网络内涵在不同区域具有普适性。对此,要构建创新生态系统,提高创新效率,一方面应在系统内部打通创新合作渠道,完善创新服务平台;另一方面要确定合理的系统边界,实施差别化创新政策。     

科技创新、产业集聚与新型城镇化效率

以新型城镇化为主要视角,使用中国270个地级及以上城市2010—2019年的城市数据和空间数据,运用面板数据模型和空间计量模型识别了科技创新与产业集聚对新型城镇化效率的影响,并考察了其中的影响机制。结果表明:(1)科技创新对新型城镇化效率具有显著正向影响,并存在空间溢出效应。(2)产业集聚对新型城镇化效率具有显著负向影响,并存在空间溢出效应,说明在中国产业集聚的负外部性大于其正外部性。(3)随着产业集聚度的提高,科技创新对新型城镇化效率的影响会显著提高。无论是OLS回归模型还是空间计量模型,文章的结论均具有稳健性,因此新型城镇化效率的提高在提高创新投入的同时需要合理规划产业布局。     

土地资源错配与经济波动的空间溢出效应实证分析

文章构建了一个采用时变引力空间权重矩阵的空间自滞后模型(SLX),探讨土地资源错配对经济波动的空间溢出效应。实证结果表明:本地区土地资源错配能够减缓邻近地区的经济波动,即土地资源错配会对经济波动存在负向空间溢出效应;土地资源错配对经济波动的负向空间溢出效应主要通过降低密度边际波动来实现。进一步研究发现,在三类不同等级城市间,土地资源错配对经济波动的空间溢出效应不尽相同:在自上而下的空间溢出效应中,并不是每类高等级城市都对低等级城市存在空间溢出效应,而在自下而上的空间溢出效应中,每类低等级城市都对高等级城市存在空间溢出效应,同等级城市间的空间溢出效应则并不显著。     

交通基础设施的溢出效应及其产业差异——基于空间计量的比较分析

文章利用1998-2008年中国省级面板数据,在模型中加入不同经济意义空间权重矩阵的基础上,分析了我国交通基础设施的空间溢出效应。研究发现,我国交通基础设施的空间溢出效应更多地通过经济联系发生作用。交通基础设施对第二产业的空间溢出大于对第三产业的空间溢出,基于产业结构的空间溢出大于基于市场规模的空间溢出。此外,我国铁路溢出效应存在边际报酬递增的特征,而公路溢出效应则呈现边际报酬递减的现象。     

不同集聚结构下的知识溢出与区域创新绩效研究

知识溢出对区域创新绩效的影响已引起人们的广泛关注,文章将知识溢出的不同类型纳入知识生产函数模型中,分析了1993～1995年与2005～2007年生产行为聚集所产生的专业化和多样化环境下的知识溢出以及集聚所产生的竞争与垄断环境下的知识溢出对区域创新绩效的影响。实证结果表明,产业内知识溢出对两个阶段的创新绩效均存在一致、正面的影响,多样化的集聚结构对区域创新绩效的影响在2005～2007年较初期有显著的提高,且弹性系数也由负数变为正数,竞争性市场结构比垄断性市场结构对创新有更显著的影响。     

经济地理、新经济地理、产业政策与文化产业集聚:基于省级空间面板模型的分析

笔者基于新经济地理学分析框架,采用空间面板计量模型,利用1999年～2008年省级相关数据,对中国文化产业集聚影响因素及其溢出效应进行了实证分析。结果表明:沿海区位和文化资源禀赋优势促进了文化产业集聚;人力资本、交通通信、文化消费的提高也有利于文化产业集聚;政府财政支持对文化产业集聚有正面影响;文化产业集聚存在空间正溢出效应。     

Privatization of Water-Resource Development

This paper analyzes the inefficiencies from market power and return-flow externalities in private construction of a water project. The model pays special attention to increasing groundwater pumping costs, project set-up costs, limited project capacity, and return flow to the aquifer. For a given capacity, the return-flow externality causes project owners to construct the project too late when the price of groundwater is too high because the external benefit of return-flow to the aquifer is not captured. Market power exacerbates these effects since the project owner delays construction to accelerate groundwater overdraft. The return-flow externality and market power also decrease installed capacity and increase overdraft from the aquifer. Applying the model to the construction of the Central Arizona Project (CAP) for a given capacity, the estimated deadweight loss from hypothetical private construction of the project ($0.853 billion) is substantially less than the literature’s estimate of deadweight loss from actual construction by the Bureau of Reclamation ($2.603 billion). However, under the federal subsidies and insecure property rights that accompanied the CAP, private construction results in a larger estimated efficiency loss ($6.126 billion).     

SPECIAL‐INTEREST SPILLOVERS AND TOBACCO TAXATION

This study explores the effects tobacco special interest has had on cigarette tax rates. Using a spatial econometric model to control for tax competition and the endogeneity present in state tax rates, this study finds that tobacco special interest has played a significant role in influencing state cigarette tax rates. Pounds of tobacco grown in a state and tobacco industry campaign contributions are associated with lower cigarette tax rates. The empirical results show that the magnitude of the special‐interest effect can be two to five times as large when the spatial spillover effects are included. (JEL C23, H71, H73)     

中国省域劳动就业影响因素的空间计量分析

利用2000-2009年中国29个省级单位数据建立空间计量模型对影响劳动就业的各因素及其空间效应进行检验分析。结果显示:省际劳动就业存在显著的空间相关性,邻近省域就业的溢出效应对本省具有正向影响,且该效应从东部到西部地区呈阶梯状依次递减,东部地区就业较中西部地区具有更强的区间联动性。省域技术进步、财政支出、市场化和产业结构优化无论从全国层面还是地区层面均对劳动就业具有显著的促进作用,且财政支出对中西部就业的影响明显大于东部地区;城市化与实际工资对东部就业影响不显著,但能够显著促进中西部地区就业增长。促进区间联动、加快市场化、城市化和产业结构优化步伐、完善和优化财政支出结构是增加就业的重要举措。     

基于地理加权回归模型的省域工业全要素生产率分析

全要素生产率(TFP)是一个国家或地区经济增长质量和技术进步、管理效率提高的重要标志。运用空间统计的Moran指数以及空间计量经济学的地理加权回归(Geographical Weighted Regression)模型方法,基于2003年中国31个省、直辖市和自治区的工业企业统计数据,对省级区域工业全要素生产率进行了测算分析。全要素生产率实证测算分析结果发现,空间Moran指数可测算省域工业生产率的空间效应,地理加权回归模型也可将影响省域全要素生产率的来源分解成各省域的局部影响,空间计量经济学模型在计量检验和测算我国31个省域工业全要素生产率中具有较好效果。     

Trade,transport costs and trade imbalances: An empirical examination of international markets and backhauls

The US trade deficit has been growing for over 25 years and has been accompanied by enlarging freight rate differentials. While traditional models of trade have ignored these gaps assuming symmetry across all bilateral trade costs, the specific linkages between trade imbalances and international transportation costs have remained unexplored. Given the current trade policies, the implications arising from the endogenous adjustment of bilateral transport costs to policy-induced changes in the US trade deficit are of particular importance. To break new ground on this issue, we develop and estimate a model of international trade and transportation that accounts for the effects of persistent trade imbalances. The theoretical results are supported by our empirical analysis and indicate that bilateral transport costs adjust to a country's trade imbalance. The implication is that a unilateral import policy, for example, will cause spillover effects into the bilaterally integrated export market. To illustrate, we use our empirical results to simulate the anticipated spillover effect from the Chinese ban on waste imports. We find that China's ban and the projected 1.5% rise in the US trade deficit will lead to not only a 0.77% reduction of transport costs charged on US exports to China but also a 0.34% increase in transport costs on US imports from China.     

长三角城市群高技术产业集聚空间溢出效应研究

以长三角城市群为研究对象,利用2010-2018年26个城市面板数据,对城市群内各城市高技术产业集聚水平进行测度,进一步运用空间计量模型,实证探究长三角城市群高技术产业集聚对城市创新的直接效应与空间溢出效应,并考察城市经济发展水平与外商直接投资两个环境变量如何通过长三角城市群高技术产业集聚对城市创新产出产生直接影响,以及在空间溢出过程中如何发挥调节效应。结果发现：各城市创新活动存在明显正向关联;城市高技术产业集聚对本城市创新产出具有显著直接促进作用,而对邻近城市的空间溢出效应显著为负;城市经济发展水平与外商直接投资在长三角城市群高技术产业集聚对城市创新的直接效应与空间溢出效应中均发挥显著调节作用。     

基于MESS模型的服务业影响因素及空间溢出效应分析——以浙江省69个市县为例

基于矩阵指数空间规范(MESS)模型,文章以浙江省69个市县为例,采用Bayes方法对服务业的影响因素进行了空间计量分析。研究发现,浙江省各市县的服务业存在显著的空间相依性和空间异质性。地区的服务业从业人员比例、人口密度、工业产值以及地方财政支出占GDP的比例不仅对本地区的服务业增长有显著的促进作用,还对邻近地区的服务业有正向溢出效应;而地区的全社会固定资产投资对服务业的发展则是一个抑制性因素。     

我国FDI区域分布的区位条件及其地理溢出程度的经验研究

依据企业选址理论,运用空间计量模型对我国29个省FDI的区域分布的区位条件进行了经验研究。一方面证明了各地区的经济总量、劳动成本、市场化水平、累积的FDI和开放程度等区位条件是决定FDI区域分布的主要因素,而基础设施和沿海地区哑变量的作用却不显著。另一方面证实了中国FDI区域分布的空间依存性的存在,并对我国FDI省际区域地理溢出的程度进行了估计;最后根据研究结论,提出了有关各地区,特别是广大中西部地区吸引更多FDI的政策建议。     

Understanding Chinese provincial real estate investment: A Global VAR perspective

This article investigates the spatial interdependence within China's real estate industry, a sector assuming increasing importance in the national economy. The Global Vector Autoregressive (GVAR) model allows us to explicitly address the presence of spatial linkages, including spillover and backwash effects, without a stringent requirement on data. Applying the model to monthly Chinese provincial data for the first time we highlight clear advantages in forecasting and steady-state value prediction. We also demonstrate through the contemporaneous correlation coefficients a growing divide between the previously highly industrialized north and the rest of China. The insights provided by our empirical study have clear value to a wide range of audiences, including researchers, policy makers, and business investors.