城市化对二氧化碳排放的影响——来自中国时间序列和省际面板数据的经验证据

本文以中国为研究对象,同时考虑城市化对二氧化碳排放的影响的动态变化和地区差异,利用时间序列数据(1952-2009年)和省际面板数据(1995-2009年),分别以排放总量、人均排放量和碳强度等三类二氧化碳排放指标,使用多种估计方法实证检验了城市化对二氧化碳排放的影响。研究结论如下:(1)时间序列数据的经验估计表明,城市化对二氧化碳排放存在显著地正的影响,弹性在0.10%-0.12左右。(2)静态面板数据的经验估计表明,城市化与二氧化碳排放之间存在U型的非线性关系;而动态面板数据的经验估计表明,城市化对二氧化碳排放总量存在显著地负的影响,弹性为0.19%,而城市化对人均二氧化碳排放量和碳强度尽管存在负的影响,但在统计上并不显著。(3)时间序列数据和面板数据的经验估计均表明,城市化并非影响二氧化碳排放的关键因素,而人均GDP、能源强度、人口等对二氧化碳排放存在显著地正的影响。     

Does energy substitution affect carbon dioxide emissions – Income relationship?

Considerable discussion has taken place during the last decade regarding the role of economic growth in determining environmental quality. Using data from 30 OECD countries for the period 1960–2003 and the nonparametric method of generalized additive models, which enables us to use flexible functional forms, this paper examines the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for carbon dioxide (CO₂). We find that the reduction of coal share in energy use has a significant effect on CO₂. Our results imply that economic growth is not sufficient to decrease CO₂ emissions.     

基于电解水制氢和生物质电厂的电与甲醇联产系统

随着各国二氧化碳排放,温室气体猛增,中国提出碳达峰和碳中和目标。新能源的利用是解决环境和能源问题、降低碳排放的最有效的方法。氢能是未来能源发展的重要方向。为此,提出一种基于电解水制氢和生物质电厂的电与甲醇联产系统,通过电解水技术制取氢气和氧气,氧气用于生物质富氧燃烧电厂发电,而电厂产生的富含二氧化碳的尾气用于与氢气合成甲醇。使用Aspen对该系统进行仿真计算的结果显示,该系统年产甲醇26674 t,综合能量效率可达51.98%,氢到甲醇的转化效率为59.84%,动态回收周期为3.47年。此系统在生产电力及甲醇的同时,实现了碳的近零排放,可为中国的氢能利用技术的发展提供一定的参考。     

CO2 Emissions Embodied in China＇s Foreign Trade： An Investigation from the Perspective of Global Vertical Specialization

In light of the growth in vertically specialized in global trade, the present paper uses input output tables from the World Input-Output Database to construct an environmental multi regional input-output model to calculate the CO2 emissions embodied in China＇s international trade during 1995-2009. The advantage of this model lies in its incorporation of the re exported CO2 emissions component embodied in trade and its ability to differentiate domestic sourced CO2 emissions from foreign-sourced CO2 emissions in trade. The results show that carbon emissions embodied in both China＇s exports and imports increased significantly during 1995-2009. One important reason for this is that the re-exported carbon emissions embodied in China＇s imported intermediate inputs increased substantially during this period. Our research reveals that accelerating the transformation of trade pattern and upgrading processing trade should be emphasized in the formulation of policy to prompt CO 2 emissions abatement in China.     

Counting carbon: historic emissions from fossil fuels,long-run measures of sustainable development and carbon debt

This article examines how to account for the welfare effects of carbon dioxide emissions, using the historical experiences of Britain and the USA from the onset of the industrial revolution to the present. While a single country might isolate itself from the detrimental effects of global warming in the short run, in the long all countries are unable to free ride. Thus, we support the use of a single global price for carbon dioxide emissions. The calculated price should decrease as we move back in time to take into account that carbon dioxide is a stock pollutant, and that one unit added to the present large stock is likely to cause more damage than a unit emitted under the lower concentration levels in the past. We incorporate the annual costs of British and US carbon emissions into genuine savings, and calculate the accumulated costs of their carbon dioxide emissions. Enlarging the scope and calculating the cumulative cost of carbon dioxide from the four largest emitters gives new insights into the question of who is responsible for climate change.     

能源消费，经济增长和碳排放：中国面临的挑战

对中国经济增长、CO2排放和能源消费的长期Granger因果关系检验的结果是:CO2排放是能源消费的Granger原因,反向的Granger因果关系则不成立。收入和CO2排放之间没有长期因果关系,这意味着中国不必以牺牲经济增长为代价来减少CO2排放。     

水泥工业结构调整及其环境效益

为促进水泥产业的健康发展,国家不断加大水泥工业结构调整力度。水泥工业的结构调整不但能够有效解决水泥工业总量过剩、结构不合理等方面的矛盾,还能够带来一系列的环境效益:削减粉尘、二氧化硫排放量,削减工业废渣,降低能耗,减少二氧化碳排放。对水泥工业结构调整带来的环境效益进行分析,充分了解水泥工业结构调整在改善环境质量、保护生态环境方面的作用,对促进水泥工业结构调整,促进水泥工业可持续发展有着非常重大的意义。     

中美贸易与气候变化——基于投入产出法的分析

贸易的全球化对人类环境产生了重要的影响,碳泄漏问题成为环境与贸易冲突在气候变化领域中的体现。本文以投入产出法为基础建立经济模型,计算了1997～2007年中美贸易对气候变化的影响。结果表明,中美贸易使得美国的CO2排放量减少了2%～4%,中国增加了14%～20%,全球增加了2%～4%。因此,在设计国际气候制度时应考虑国际贸易的影响,美国应该为中国的部分CO2排放负责,中国应提高工业部门能源效率,改善出口商品结构并且在环境与贸易利益方面做出权衡取舍。     

Is the price elasticity of demand for coal in China increasing?

China's dependence on coal is a major contributor to local and global environmental problems. In this paper we estimate the price elasticity of demand for coal in China using a panel of province-level data for 1998–2012. We find that provincial coal demand has become increasingly price elastic. As of 2012 we estimate that this elasticity was in the range − 0.3 to − 0.7 in point estimate terms when responses over two years are considered. The results imply that China's coal market is becoming more suited to price-based approaches to reducing emissions. The elimination of coal consumption subsidies could reduce national coal use and related emissions by around 2%.     

Absorption capacity of Russia’s forests and carbon dioxide emissions of fuel and energy systems

Carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion in the fuel and energy systems (FES) and production industries are estimated on the basis of an analysis of the long-term forecast of the development of the former. The carbon sequestration by forest and nonforest biomes is calculated. Based on the global balance of carbon fluxes, a long-term national carbon balance is drawn up. As follows from this balance, the carbon sequestration during the 21st century is even larger than emissions in FES development scenarios, which do not include any special restrictions on CO₂ emissions. Thus, a considerable portion of foreign emissions is absorbed. This fact should be taken into account when developing national strategies for socioeconomic development.     

政府政绩追求与环境污染——基于空间面板的实证研究

随着环境污染的恶化,地方政府对于环境治理的激励逐渐受到各界的关注。利用中国30个省市2004—2013年间的二氧化硫排放强度为样本,以空间计量模型实证研究了政府政绩追求与环境污染之间的关系。研究结果表明：中国各省市二氧化硫排放强度在空间分布上具有显著的空间溢出效应,且这种空间溢出效应逐年增加;以政府财政收入、经济增长率、就业率为政府政绩考核的指标与环境污染之间存在着显著的正向关系。研究不仅为政府治理环境污染问题提供了有益的经验证据,也为中国地方政府制定更为完善的政绩考核标准提供了借鉴。     

Driving factors of CO2 emission inequality in China: The role of government expenditure

China has reached a consensus regarding the total control of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions; however, regional emission inequalities still exist. The reduction of carbon emissions is a public good and indicates a strong positive externality, which is difficult to solve within the market. Such reductions are highly dependent on governmental contributions. Therefore, using the Theil index and the logarithmic mean Divisia index decomposition approach, this paper integrates government expenditure into an analysis framework, investigating the driving factors of emission inequality and the status and changes of China's CO₂ emission inequality from 2007 to 2015, attributing emission inequality to disparities in governmental expenditures, energy consumption, and other socioeconomic factors. The empirical results show that imbalances in economic development, population distribution, and energy structure were prerequisites for a regional emission inequality, while disparities in government expenditure also played an important role. Among these factors, disparities in the expenditure structure were the main cause for emission inequality. The findings of this paper provide guidelines for the government to set carbon emission reduction quota and implement reasonable differentiated emission reduction policies.     

金融驱动因素对碳排放影响的实证分析——基于福建省的数据研究

近些年,如何控制并减少碳排放量已成为中国环境经济政策的重要研讨主题。从2003年提出的福建发展战略新定位——构建海峡西岸经济区以来,福建省在经济发展迅速的同时也带来了能源消费量的不断攀升,由此产生了许多环境问题。为长远发展考虑,要解决高投资、高耗能、高污染排放的粗放型经济发展问题,福建省必须坚持走可持续发展道路。就福建省1997-2017年的碳排放量和金融对碳减排的驱动影响进行实证分析,并对如何减少碳排放提出建议。     

欧洲排放交易体系下的中国民航低碳策略研究

随着近几十年来旅客周转量的大幅增加,民航业迎来了快速发展的黄金时期。民航运输过程中产生的二氧化碳对环境的影响也日渐突出。本文介绍了航空排放对全球变暖的影响,分析了欧洲排放交易体系下中国民航业的优势、劣势以及机遇与挑战,提出了旨在节能环保的低碳策略。     

我国CO2排放量变化的影响因素分析

国际社会和我国政府对温室气体,尤其是二氧化碳（CO2）的排放非常重视。运用卡亚公式能找出影响CO2排放量的主要因素,为了解各因素对我国CO2排放量变化的具体影响,运用完全分解模型对CO2排放量变化的影响进行分解分析,结果发现：在1990—2006年,对我国CO2排放量增大起正作用的依次是人均GDP、人口数量、密度,起副作用的是能源强度;要减少我国的CO2排放量,必须控制人口规模、改善产业结构、能源结构和推动节能减排技术的发展。     

日本碳交易的机制与成效

随着国际社会对气候问题重视的不断加深,二氧化碳排放权交易日益受到各国的关注,碳交易在全球迅速发展。日本碳交易的发展存在着诸多的困难与不确定性,但是,日本凭借自身的外交、节能减排技术等有利条件,不仅在积极推动国际碳交易发展中加强了国际关系,而且,通过不断完善碳交易机制,创建碳交易平台,促进国内外的碳交易制度的完善,取得了一定的环境和经济效益。     

中国出口贸易隐含碳排放增长因素分析:基于LMDI

本文构建了一个出口贸易隐含碳排放恒等式,运用LMDI分解技术,对中国1997～2007年出口贸易隐含碳排放从产业层面和贸易伙伴层面进行了分解。结果表明:出口总量的扩张是中国出口贸易隐含碳排放持续高速增长的最主要因素,排放强度的降低是抑制隐含碳排放增长最主要因素,出口结构变化对隐含碳排放的影响有限,潜力还没有发挥出来。在短期内,通过提高能源利用效率降低排放强度是中国抑制出口中隐含碳排放增长的有效途径;从长远来看,出口结构的调整升级则是可行的选择。     

区域物流低碳化发展的思路与对策

"低碳经济"环境下,对区域物流活动的能源投入和碳排放提出更高要求,实施区域物流低碳化发展意义重大。区域物流的碳排放源主要集中于"点"和"线"两个方面,目前区域物流低碳化发展尚存在协调难度大、动力不足、成效不明显和技术支持缺乏等诸多难题,需要明确各参与主体的角色与作用、找准节能减排的切入点和重点,并转变区域物流发展模式,从寻找合适的碳排放统计方法、出台更多鼓励性减排政策、"点线"结合减少碳排放和构建区域物流低碳化发展的服务平台入手,促进区域物流和物流行业的低碳化发展。     

Estimation of China＇s Embodied CO2 Emissions during 2000-2009

The problem of CO₂ embodied in international trade has attracted increasing attention in China. To analyze this issue, the present paper directly calculates emission factors for 15 industries in 2002, 2005 and 2007. We then examine a consumption‐based system and a single‐region input–output model to estimate China's embodied emissions during 2000–2009. Our results show that, when a consumption‐based system is adopted, China's emissions are lower than those reported by some international organizations. The rapid growth in China's exports is a key determinant of China's rising total emissions. All countries should strengthen their cooperation in improving their current greenhouse gas inventories. Furthermore, China needs to encourage trade in low‐carbon products and technology.     

我国城市化、经济发展水平与二氧化碳排放——基于中国省级面板数据的实证检验

文章利用2000-2010年中国省级面板数据,研究了城市化、经济发展水平对二氧化碳排放的影响.结果表明,城市化对二氧化碳排放具有显著的正向影响,没有证实二氧化碳排放与城市化水平之间在我国呈倒U型的环境库兹涅茨曲线关系;二氧化碳排放与我国经济发展水平之间存在倒U型的环境库兹涅茨曲线关系,但我国离拐点的经济发展水平还有很大一段差距;城市化水平的提高能抑制经济发展水平对碳排放的影响,而经济发展水平不同的地区,城市化对碳排放的影响也有明显的差异.