Transparency of the organization and activity of carbon funds

ABSTRACT

Public and mixed carbon funds buy carbon credits on behalf of public authorities and make use of public money, thus there is a need for clear information regarding their operations. The paper presents a new transparency index for the organization and activity of carbon funds that takes account of information disclosed via the internet. The construction of the index is based on the Linaburg-Maduell Transparency Index for sovereign wealth funds. The empirical study demonstrates that public and mixed carbon funds varied significantly in terms of their transparency but, in general, mixed carbon funds performed slightly better than public carbon funds.     

政府公共治理、财政透明与企业投资效率

近期的研究支持了转型经济条件下政府与企业之间的密切联系,但却少有研究关注政府公共治理效力对微观企业的影响。基于此,本文以地方政府财政透明度为对象,将政府公共治理因素纳入到企业行为的分析中,观察其对企业投资效率的影响。本文发现,与央企和民企相比,地方政府财政透明度的增加更有助于提高地方国有企业的投资效率;地方政府财政透明度的增加对地方国有企业的过度投资具有更强的抑制作用。本文的研究提供了政府公共治理影响企业价值的经验证据,丰富了转型经济条件下政府——企业的行为分析框架。并且本文对推进财政信息公开、加强社会主义民主制度和责任型政府建设,亦具有积极的实践指导价值。     

Growth and Welfare Effects of Fiscal Policy in an Endogenous Growth Model with Public Investment

In this paper we analyze growth and welfare effects of fiscal policy in an endogenous growth model along the balanced growth path. As to the model we assume that sustained per capita growth results from public investment. The government uses its tax revenue for investment in public capital, for investment subsidy and for transfer payments. We then analyze how the balanced growth rate reacts to variations in those policy variables. Further, we study welfare effects of varying the fiscal parameters and demonstrate that, in general, maximizing economic growth is not equivalent to maximizing welfare on the balanced growth path.     

货币政策透明度与通货膨胀的关系研究——基于PVAR模型的实证检验

通过使用PVAR模型对11个发达国家1999～2009年的中央银行货币政策透明度与通货膨胀的动态关系进行的实证分析表明:11国中央银行货币政策透明度的提高显著地降低了通货膨胀水平,但这种效应存在滞后;反之,通货膨胀对于货币政策透明度没有显著影响。因此,提高货币政策透明度、加强中央银行的信息披露从长期看对治理通货膨胀具有积极的作用。     

我国财政透明度的度量及改进策略

财政透明度主要是指政府向公众公开政府的结构与职能、财政政策目标、公共部门账户、财政筹划和预算信息的程度。国际货币基金组织对财政透明度有四个方面的要求，即政府应当明确其职能和责任范围、必须全面公开财政信息、合理公开其预算编制和决策程序和提供真实的财政数据。对照这些规范，我国财政的整体透明度较低，并且存在着许多问题。最后文章还给出了增强我国财政透明度的若干对策。     

Transparency and the regulatory process in Europe and the United States: two research priorities

Transparency research related to the regulatory process would benefit most from two types of empirical studies. One batch of studies, described in the fifth section of this essay, would focus on the American states and the member states of the European Union to identify the factors that determine whether regulatory processes are more transparent and whether transparency is successful in improving regulations and the regulatory process. In other words, we need comparative state (for the US) and member state (for the EU) studies to develop metrics for the quality of regulations and the role of transparency is advancing or weakening the quality of regulations at the state (for the US) and member state (for the EU) level. The second batch of studies, described in the sixth section of this essay, would explore who uses the information currently provided at the levels of transparency currently available in regulatory processes at the European Union and federal government of the United States. Who benefits from transparency and how are they using the available transparency mechanisms?     

关于完善反腐倡廉体系的思考

腐败问题是目前全球广泛关注的热点问题之一,也是我国面临的最大社会污染和重大政治挑战。目前我国腐败现象之所以蔓延,虽然有其社会、经济、文化等各种原因,但从反腐倡廉层面上分析,其体系不健全是重要原因。本文通过对腐败的现实状况、形成原因的分析,探讨了完善反腐倡廉体系的对策和途径。     

公共支出不断增长的一个解释：鲍莫尔非均衡增长模型

公共支出不断增长、政府规模不断扩大是一种全球性的社会经济现象。对于公共支出不断增长的原因的解释不胜枚举,其中也不乏成熟的理论。本文主要从1967年鲍莫尔建立的两部门非均衡增长模型出发,给出公共支出规模不断增长的一个可能性解释。并基于此理论结合我国实际试图给出一些合理的政策建议。     

Trade Transparency and the London Stock Exchange

On the London Stock Exchange the publication of large trades is delayed to give the market-maker concerned time to unwind the change in their inventory. Using trade and quotations data on 42 stocks for two years, a number of different effects are investigated. These include the association between trade size and the traded bid-ask spread, the inventory control policies of individual market-makers around large trades, the size and speed of the price impact of large trades whose publication is delayed, and the effects of delayed publication on the volume and spreads of the traded equity options market.     

Corruption Distance and Foreign Direct Investment

We study the effects of “corruption distance,” defined as the difference in corruption levels between country pairs on bilateral foreign direct investment (FDI). Using a “gravity” model and the Heckman (1979) two-stage framework on a data set of forty-five countries from 1997 to 2007, we find that corruption distance adversely influences both the likelihood of FDI and the volume of FDI. A novel finding in this study is that we identify the asymmetric effect of corruption distance and find that the positive corruption distance, defined as the corruption distance from a high corruption source to a low corruption host country, is the prominent one that affects the behavior of bilateral FDI.     

Insider Trading and Corporate Information Transparency

Our study examines the relation between insider trading and corporate information transparency. We find a negative relation between firms’ information transparency and the economic significance of insider trading, including the amount of insider purchase and sale and the profitability of insider transactions. We also find a negative relation between information transparency and stock price reaction to news of insider trading, which suggests that increases in information transparency preempt insiders’ private information. Our study provides evidence consistent with firms’ transparency-enhancing activities decreasing information asymmetry between insiders and investors by revealing insiders’ private information to investors in a timely manner.     

证券交易的透明度与信息揭示制度：理论综述

证券交易过程中，交易信息的发布、扩散和传递方式对于各类市场参与者非常重要。目前关于信息揭示制度和交易透明度对市场运行效果的影响尚存在许多争议。本文讨论了交易透明度的含义、研究者和市场机构对于交易透明度的争论、交易透明度与市场绩效的关系，以及不同交易透明性的市场之间的竞争等问题，系统总结了目前与证券交易透明度和交易信息揭示有关的理论观点，以期把握交易信息揭示程度对市场产生的影响，以及由此引起的交易透明度对市场的运行效率产生的影响。     

Religion,Corruption, and the Rule of Law

In a 207‐country sample, we find that rule of law and corruption are both associated with a country's religious heritage, thereby partially explaining the correlation between religion and economic growth found in previous research. We also show that our results change when we control for some variables lacking data for all countries in the sample but that these differences are attributable to changes in sample composition rather than the effects of the control variables. Our research suggests that researchers doing cross‐country analysis should distinguish between the effects of adding a control variable and the resulting sample composition effects.     

Transparency,idiosyncratic risk,and convertible bonds

We first investigate the relationship among a company's information transparency, idiosyncratic risk, and return of its convertible bonds. The effects of a company's idiosyncratic risk on its equity's value volatility and its credit risk are also examined. The findings indicate that when a company discloses a significant amount of information, it is likely to have a higher idiosyncratic risk and a lower credit risk, with no impact on returns on convertible bonds. The volatility of stock returns is positively related to returns on convertible bonds, and it is found that diversified strategies and returns on a company's equity help to improve its credit rating and that a better credit rating triggers an increase in returns on convertible bonds and idiosyncratic risk, indicating that evaluations of the value of convertible bonds must take pure bonds and equity (option) values into account. After excluding conversion values and estimating the idiosyncratic risk on daily, weekly, and monthly bases, this study suggests that there is a positive relation between returns on convertible bonds and information transparency when estimating idiosyncratic risk on a monthly basis and that a positive association also exists between credit rating, idiosyncratic risk, and returns on bonds.     

经营透明化与银行名誉风险管理

中国银行业经营透明化既是改革的要求,也是银行自身成本-收益比作用的结果,还是银行外部监管者提高监管能力的要求。然而信息屏蔽收益的递减并非意味透明化收益的自然递增,事实上,透明化也加大了银行的名誉风险。名誉风险有社会性、内生性、间接性和综合性等特征,对其进行科学管理能为银行带来巨大的商业利益。为此,中国银行业应加强名誉风险的基础管理,科学制订名誉规划,建立管理责任制度。同时,要强化名誉风险意识,扩大名誉风险管理视野,提高名誉风险管理人员素质,实行专业化管理。就现实而言,中国银行业名誉风险管理亟待解决商标管理、改革面临的矛盾、透明化进程及文化建设等四方面问题。     

经营透明化与银行名誉风险管理

中国银行业经营透明化既是改革的要求，也是银行自身成本-收益比作用的结果，还是银行外部监管者提高监管能力的要求。然而信息屏蔽收益的递减并非意味透明化收益的自然递增，事实上，透明化也加大了银行的名誉风险。名誉风险有社会性、内生性、间接性和综合性等特征，对其进行科学管理能为银行带来巨大的商业利益。为此，中国银行业应加强名誉风险的基础管理，科学制订名誉规划，建立管理责任制度。同时，要强化名誉风险意识，扩大名誉风险管理视野，提高名誉风险管理人员素质，实行专业化管理。就现实而言，中国银行业名誉风险管理亟待解决商标管理、改革面临的矛盾、透明化进程及文化建设等四方面问题。     

Liquidity and Optimal Market Transparency

In this paper I explore some of the consequences of greater market transparency for market performance in the presence of a strategic specialist. Although numerous studies have dealt with this issue, previous work has only considered either fully transparent or fully opaque markets. My model allows for different levels of transparency, and therefore sheds light on how transparency affects market performance. I show that an intermediate level of transparency can improve market performance relative to the more extreme cases of full transparency or no transparency at all.     

市场透明度改变影响交易者行为吗？

基于中国证券市场2003年12月8日提高市场透明度这一事件，本文对市场透明度提高对交易者行为的影响进行了研究。结果发现：市场透明度提高明显改变了交易者的交易策略，主要表现为交易者整体交易指令的激进程度降低，其中交易者减少提交市价指令，增加了撤单的频率。研究还发现，市场透明度提高导致交易者提交价格增进的限价指令的比例下降，而提交小额交易指令的比例增加，同时交易者对交易环境的改变具有学习与逐步适应的能力。     

交易透明度与信息揭示制度：国际趋势与启示

由于经济文化环境、交易制度、市场结构，技术模式和投资者分布等方面的差异，不同交易所在交易信息揭示的种类，数量和程度方面有所区别。本文首先总结了采取指令驱动的主要交易所的交易信息揭示制度和市场透明度，在比基础上分析了交易所交易信息揭示制度变革与市场透明度的发展趋势．希望能对我国证券市场交易信息揭示制度的发展提供一点有益的借鉴和启示。     

基于公共投资的内生增长：模型与政策

我国公共投资由各级政府部门主导,基于这一实践,文章在经典的拉姆齐-卡斯-库普曼斯模型的基础上,引入政府行政机构的最优化行为,说明在政府主导公共投资的增长方式下公共投资效率对经济增长和福利的影响。研究结果表明,存在一个公共投资效率的梯级,居民福利水平也呈现系列梯级分布,而且公共投资的生产效率梯级越高,居民福利水平梯级也越高。因此,在当前政府主导公共投资的增长方式下,采取有效措施提高公共投资的效率并使其位于关键值之上,这对于居民和政府机构是双赢的举措。