我国企业对外直接投资的方式选择

近年来,我国企业跨国经营中对外直接投资大幅增加,选择合适的对外直接投资方式对于企业成功实现“走出去”战略尤为重要。本文从企业优势有效转移和利用的视角,通过对对外直接投资理论的梳理,归纳出影响对外直接投资方式选择的主要因素,并据此提出一个选择直接投资方式的综合分析框架,最后应用这一框架就我国企业对外直接投资方式的选择提出了策略建议。     

基于新建投资理论的跨国并购研究

随着企业国际化经营实践的深化,越来越多的企业开始把跨国并购作为对外直接投资、开拓国际市场的新策略。本文从新建投资的理论视角,分析了跨国并购在我国发展的原因,以期对我国参与跨国并购提出相应的建议。     

跨国零售企业行为分析框架:以沃尔玛为例

近年来,外资零售企业在华投资及扩张行为已引起人们普遍关注,急需从理论与实践两方面深刻解读其扩张机理.文章基于零售企业性质与资源特征视角,以邓宁的三优势模式为理论依据,运用规范分析与案例分析相结合的方法,系统分析了零售企业对外直接投资的决定因素,揭示了三优势模式之于跨国零售企业的特定内容,提出了跨国零售企业对外直接投资行为分析的一般理论框架.     

论“比较优势”理论对我国对外直接投资的指导作用

上世纪70年代中后期全球跨国投资增长较快．尤其是发展中国家、中小企业的跨国经营趋势明显加强。因此发展中国家、中小企业的对外直接投资问题就成为跨国投资理论的一个研究重点。不过他们在对投资前提条件上与发达国家截然不同。那就是对大多数发展中国家来说，不具有发达国家对外直接投资理论要求的垄断优势，但却积极地参与了跨国经营。这就需要我们结合发展中国家的实际情况，探讨新型的对外直接投资理论。     

我国企业对外投资存在的问题及对策

我国企业对外投资发展势头一直强劲．却也存在缺乏清晰明确的总体规划和发展战略,投资存在盲目性;对外直接投资结构不尽合理;投资规模小,经济效益偏低;缺乏高素质专门人才,企业经营管理不科学;政府部门对企业跨国经营缺乏有效的宏观管理：现有企业制度不合理等一些问题。针对这些问题．提出必须提高对我国当前对外直接投资重要性的认识;注重对外直接投资发展战略的制定,做好投资区域与产业的选择;努力扩大境外直接投资企业的规模：加强企业管理大力培养跨国经营人才;改善政府的宏观调控和管理;加快建立现代企业制度：采取多元化的投资方式进行对外直接投资,全方位筹措投资资本等对策。     

跨国经营之对外直接投资管理

企业跨国经营的前提系对外直接投资。投资管理至少应包括投资机会的遴选、投资项目的可行性研究以及财务管理等三项内容。其目的无非就是确保企业跨国经营的风险成本最小化,从而实现跨国经营效益最大化。可以说,对外直接投资（FDI）乃企业跨国经营的必要前提,后者系前者的必然结果任何一个跨国或;住跨国企业当其具备一定的内部条件（实力）,尤其是积累或筹集到一定的跨国经营资本时,接下来它所要面对的问题便是投向何处以获取最大的跨国经营效益。本文拟就投资机会遴选、项目可行性研究以及财务管理等谈点粗浅看法。     

发展我国对外直接投资和跨国经营战略的思考

随着经济全球化步伐的加快,对外直接投资在世界经济中的作用越来越突出。我国企业的对外直接投资也备受关注。本文通过对我国企业的跨国经营和对外直接投资的现状、存在的问题、主体培育进行分析,说明我国跨国经营和对外直接投资的重要性,并提出若干政策建议。     

对外直接投资理论综述

随着跨国公司及其对外直接投资的急剧发展,各国学者纷纷对此进行研究和探索,在不同时期形成了各具特色的理论,用以解释国际直接投资现象以及产生该现象的原因,并用以指导企业的跨国经营活动。本文将对国际直接投资的主要理论和研究进行阐述。     

企业对外直接投资区位选择理论综述

对外直接投资理论已经成为独立的经济理论,在促进跨国公司管理、发展壮大的过程中起到了不可估量的作用。而深入分析、探讨对外直接投资领域中的区位选择理论将对企业的跨国经营起到顺水推舟的作用。本文将对对外直接投资区位选择理论中较有影响力的理论进行引述。     

企业跨国经营的研究现状

如今,跨国经营已成为一种潮流,而理论界也有专门的研究。二战以后,西方经济学家加强了对跨国经营的理论研究。研究内容包括：企业跨国经营的原因、跨国经营的条件,影响跨国经营决策的因素,跨国经营的区位选择、行业选择等。西方经济学家创立了一系列理论：对外投资理论（包括产品生命周期论、区位因素理论和寡占反映论）、内部化理论和投资发展周期理论等。国内理论界对我国企业跨国经营有一定的研究,但都是从总体上分析,没有把企业分类或按行业分类,未做有针对性地跨国经营研究。     

Reconciling Different Views on Responsible Leadership: A Rationality-Based Approach

Business leaders are increasingly responsible for the societal and environmental impacts of their actions. Yet conceptual views on responsible leadership differ in their definitions and theoretical foundations. This study attempts to reconcile these diverse views and uncover the phenomenon from a business leader’s point of view. Based on rational egoism theory, this article proposes a formal mathematical model of responsible leadership that considers different types of incentives for stakeholder engagement. The analyses reveal that monetary and instrumental incentives are neither sufficient nor necessary for business leaders to consider societal and environmental stakeholder needs. Non-monetary and non-instrumental incentives, such as leaders’ values and authenticity, as well as their planning horizons, counterbalance pure monetary and instrumental orientations. The model in this article complements the growing body of research on responsible leadership by reconciling its various conceptual views and providing a foundation for future theory development and testing.     

宗教文化视角下东西方商业伦理观差异比较及启示

商业伦理影响着经济的进步,宗教文化影响着商业伦理的发展,在历史变迁中,宗教文化对东西方商业伦理观存在着不同程度的影响。文章论述了商业伦理的内涵及其与宗教文化的关系,阐述了宗教文化视角下东西方商业伦理观在金钱观念、契约观念、诚信观念和社会责任观念四个方面存在着差异,并进行了比较分析。根据对东西方商业伦理观的差异分析,得出结论并从四个方面得出相应的启示以提升中国商业伦理水平。     

Ethics and the Networked Business

Pushing through a logical continuum of closed- to open-system views of organizations necessarily changes the conceptualization of a firm from a strongly bounded entity to a configuration of networks and sub-networks, which exists and operates in a larger systemic network configuration. We unfold a classification of management processes corresponding to views of the firm along the closed/open-systems continuum. We examine ethical issues that are likely to devolve from these classes of management processes, and we suggest typical means by which managers will attempt to control their firms’ exposure to such issues. The final class of management processes examined focuses on the achievement of outcomes that are mutually satisfactory in the set of networks and sub-networks that constitute the focal firm, and that support the sustainability of the whole system. The article contributes to organizational theory, business ethics, and computer and information ethics by providing a comprehensive analysis of the impact of managerial views of the firm and of networks – virtual, social, informational – on managerial processes and on our understanding of how business ethics issues are linked to perceptions of what a firm is, does, and can do.     

The Conflict of Ethos and Ethics: A Sociological Theory of Business People’s Ethical Values

This article develops a sociological theory of ambivalence to explain several puzzling and contradictory ethical attitudes of business people: (1) a simultaneous disposition to comparatively more self-interested and more charitable behavior than many other occupational groups and (2) a moderate level of receptiveness to inculcation of moral principles through social channels such as higher education. We test the theory by comparing the way that business students rate the ethical acceptability of various ethically challenging scenarios with the way that criminal justice students rate these same scenarios. We also explore the malleability of ethical views by measuring differences between the responses of sophomores and seniors. The data generally support hypotheses based on a theory of ambivalence. At the same time, however, we also report on findings that suggest alternative explanations to ambivalence.     

Ethical theory in business ethics: A critical assessment

How is ethical theory used in contemporary teaching in business ethics? To answer this question, we undertook a survey of twenty-five of the leading business ethics texts. Our purpose was to examine the ways in which normative moral theory is introduced and applied to cases and issues. We focused especially on the authors' views of the conflicts and tensions posed by basic theoretical debates. How can these theories be made useful if fundamental tensions are acknowledged? Our analysis resulted in a typology, presented here, of the ways in which normative theory, and the difficulties within it, are handled in business ethics texts. We conclude that there is a serious lack of clarity about how to apply the theories to cases and a persistent unwillingness to grapple with tensions between theories of ethical reasoning. These deficiencies hamper teaching and ethical decision-making.     

The lessons from stakeholder theory for U.S. business leaders

It has been 20 years since Freeman [Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Marshfield, MA: Pittman Publishing.] first proposed his stakeholder approach to strategic management, which stated that corporations must consider the needs and demands not only of their shareholders but also those of a wide range of other external constituencies, or “stakeholders.” Examples of stakeholders include customers, employees, suppliers, and communities. Freeman's theory has generated an extensive body of research, including not only the efforts of the management researchers who have tested, revised, and refined the theory, but also the views of corporate executives who have used the stakeholder approach in their strategic planning. This article, based upon a review of that literature, identifies five important lessons from the stakeholder model for today's business leaders. These lessons are particularly timely, given the inappropriate behavior that has occurred in the business world during recent years.     

On Firms and the Next Generations: Difficulties and Possibilities for Business Ethics Inquiry

Despite the centrality of the topic for the debate on sustainability, future generations have largely been ignored by business ethics. This neglect is in part due to the enormous philosophical challenges posed by the concepts of future generations and intergenerational duties. This article reviews some of these difficulties and defends that much clarity would be gained from making a distinction between future generations and the next generations. It also argues that the concept of next generations offers a better starting point for business ethics to incorporate the topic in its research agenda. We then suggest four potential pathways to explore this territory. The four approaches build on the notion of organizations as communities with memory and vision, on the narrative shape of organizational life, on the affinity of stakeholders with the next generation, and on systems of indirect reciprocity. These first two approaches are connected to communitarian approaches to business ethics, and the last two engage in a dialog with contractarian views and stakeholder theory. The article ends with some implications for theory and practice.     

Does market orientation pay off without brand orientation? A study of small business entrepreneurs

Market orientation and brand orientation are usually modelled as distinct antecedents of business performance, and the simultaneous performance effects of these orientations are empirically under-explored. Moreover, studies of market orientation and branding tend to focus on large corporations and the views of managers rather than the views of small business entrepreneurs. Addressing these research gaps, the current study explores market orientation and brand orientation by empirically testing their simultaneous effects on the business performance of small firms. Using primary data from 328 effective responses gathered from small business entrepreneurs, the study finds that market orientation improves the financial performance of a small firm only if it is implemented through brand orientation and eventually translated into brand performance. The results further indicate that older firms benefit more than younger firms from investing in branding, while younger firms benefit from paying attention to the actions of their rivals.     

信息用户视角的公司网上报告——基于中国机构投资者的调查分析

本文基于机构投资者这一新的视角对公司网上报告进行研究。通过问卷调查的方式,我们从机构投资者对公司网上报告的利用程度、对网上报告质量状况的评价、对因特网报告的期望与建议以及对网上报告的未来展望等角度进行分析。最后,本文从改进我国上市公司网上报告水平、明确公司网上报告责任和如何对因特网报告进行监管等方面展开讨论,并提出若干建议。     

Virtue Theory as a Dynamic Theory of Business

This paper develops a meta-theory of business based on virtue theory which links the concept of virtues, the common good, and the dynamic economy into a unifying and comprehensive theory of business. Traditional theories and models of business have outlived their usefulness as they are unable to adequately explain social reality. Virtue theory shows firms that pursue ethically-driven strategies can realise a greater profit potential than those firms who currently use profit-driven strategies. The theory expounds that the business of business is ethical business and that the crises that business and society face today are crises of leadership and ethics. The issues of leadership and corporate social responsibility are discussed in the context of the proposed theory.