南疆地区农业结构变动对农业经济增长的影响

通过分析2000～2011年南疆地区农业结构及其变动对农业经济增长的影响,解析了南疆地区农业 结构及其变动情况,测算出农业产业结构及其变动对农业经济的贡献率和农业各部门产值增长对农业经济 增长的影响弹性。结果表明,南疆地区农业外部结构变动具有明显的成长特征;而农业内部结构变动速度 慢,调整方向不明,其中种植业的增长对南疆地区农业总产出增长的拉动能力最大,其次为牧业,渔业与 林业对农业经济的影响较小;目前南疆地区农业产业结构已对农业经济增长产生负面效应,农业产业结构 所蕴含的能量仍有待进一步释放,农业产业结构变动所带来的经济效益有待进一步开发,农业产业结构亟 待进一步调整优化。     

乡村振兴战略背景下农业产业结构优化路径

在乡村振兴战略背景下,通过调整和优化农业产业结构,能有效促进农村地区的经济发展,提高农民的经济收入水平,顺应时代发展的需求。从当前的农业产业发展的情况来看,我国有些地区还存在着特色资源产业化不足、盲目选择支柱产业、农业产业结构不合理等问题。文章分析了农业产业发展中的问题,提出了优化农业产业结构的路径,创新和完善农业产业发展模式,优化农业产业布局,构建现代化的农业经营体系,延长农产品的价值链,以更好地助推我国农村经济的发展。     

加入WTO西部地区农业结构调整的新思路

在中国即将加入ＷＴＯ之际 ,西部农业产业结构的调整既是农业自身发展的迫切要求 ,也是加入ＷＴＯ面临的机遇和挑战的必然要求。本文就中国加入ＷＴＯ后西部地区农业产业结构存在的主要问题 ,成因及调整的障碍因素、基本思路作些初步探讨与思考。一、加入ＷＴＯ后我国西部农业产业结构调整的新特点及调整的紧迫性西部地区新一轮农业和农村经济结构调整与 80年代中期有很大不同 ,主要有以下特点 :( 1 )全面性 ,即大多数农产品即期乃至中期供给都出现了过剩 ,这就提出了整体调整而不是局部调整 ,包括总量调控而不仅仅是结构调整。 ( 2 )高度性…     

关于农业产业结构调整中几个问题的思考

近段时间 ,为贯彻中央农村工作会精神 ,各地兴起轰轰烈烈的农业产业结构调整。笔者通过调研发现 ,一部分地方特别是经济欠发达地区 ,没有把握住新阶段农业和农村经济发展面临的新情况、新问题 ,在调整农业产业结构中出现了一些偏差。主要表现在 :一是局限于种植业内部的产业结构调整 ,而与之匹配的农业科技、市场、加工业销售等脱节 ,造成盲目调整种植比例 ,产品优势变不成商品优势 ,长期下去 ,造成地区性的产品过剩。二是调整农业产业结构一轰而上 ,没有好的区域性规划 ,在一定范围内重复建设 ,大面积地调整种植比例 ,这样也将造成浪费大量…     

推进农业产业结构的战略性调整

农业产业结构调整是一个长期的动态的过程。农业产业结构合理与否由多种因素决定的 ,也是相对的。由于影响农业产业结构的诸因素不断发生变化 ,今后相当长时期内都需要不断地调整和优化农业产业结构。与以往不同的是 ,目前农业发展正处于一个关键时期 ,要求对农业产业结构进行战略性的调整。大力推进农业产业结构的战略性调整 ,努力实现预期的调整目标 ,是近些年农村经济发展中应当完成的一项迫切而又重大的任务。一、扩大优良品种 ,提高农产品优质率与以往的农业产业结构调整有很大不同 ,当前和今后一个时期 ,我国农业产业结构的战略性调整…     

四川省农业产业结构调整成效分析

四川省作为我国西部粮食主产省和消费大省,具有重要的农业地位。而农业结构是农业可持续发展的基础和前提,是农业增长的关键性因素,因此农业产业结构调整具有重要意义。本文采用灰色关联分析法、比较法等方法全面多层次的分析了当前阶段四川农业产业结构调整取得的成效,揭示了农业产业结构从过去单纯产量比例调整转变为农业生产结构、行业结构、品种品质结构、区域布局、农业组织全面调整的新趋向,并分析了当前农业产业结构调整存在的问题,提出了相应的优化措施。     

农业产业结构调整面临的问题分析及措施思考

近年来,农村产业结构调整的步伐追歼加快,极大的促进了农村地区的产业发展,使得农村市场发生了很大的改变。随着农业生产水平的提升,农产品的数量快速增加,对农村市场的开放与发展不断形成新的挑战,农村市场面临效益不高、产品滞销等问题,因此加快农业产业结构的调整、促进农业经济快速发展已经迫在眉睫。本文就主要针对农业产业结构调整的相关问题进行简单的探讨。     

新形势下农村经济发展转型问题研究

在新的历史发展形势下，国家重视社会主义新农村建设，调整农业产业结构，推动农村经济的转型发展。当前在农村经济转型发展的过程中还存在一些问题，包括生态环境较差、产业结构不合理、监督管理力度不足、农村地区匮乏人才等，在一定程度上影响我国农村经济的发展转型。针对当下农村经济发展转型存在的问题，应该做好农业产业结构的优化升级、发展本地区的特色农业产业、农村地区的人才培养和引进、不断完善农村的金融体系和加强金融管理等工作，为乡村振兴战略背景下推动农村的经济发展奠定基础。     

经济欠发达地区发展水产养殖业应采取的措施和对策

<正> 随着我国加入WTO的日期临近,调整农业产业结构,引导农民致富,增加农民收入,已成为政府对农村工作的重点。发展渔业生产是农业产业结构调整的重要组成部分,经济欠发达地区发展渔业生产应采取的措施和对策: 一、找准发展途径,促进农民增收     

中国农业产业结构调整效果测度及评价

文章根据农业产业结构的内涵和本质,选取了粮经比等十一项指标,运用因子分析法对中国1978——2008年农业产业结构调整效果进行了测度,并据此得出:中国农业产业结构调整效果呈波动上升趋势;中国农业产业结构调整历经增量调整、非农产业发展、结构优化、追求效益、可持续发展共五个阶段。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.