日本金融商品交易法述评

2006年日本通过了修改证券交易法的两项重要法律，将证券交易法更名为《金融商品交易法》。金融商品交易法为证券投资者提供了总括、横断性的保护，构筑了结构灵活、公正透明的法制框架，加强了对不公正交易行为的惩罚力度。考察日本这次修法过程和内容，可以为我国金融法制的建设与完善提供许多有益的启示和借鉴。     

金融风险的法律防范——以日本金融交易法修正为例

文章以日本金融交易法的修正为样本,分析了日本应对金融危机的法律性策略。日本在强制推行清算机构和加强金融商品交易监管的基础上,对金融风险进行了有效的防控。为了有效防控金融风险,需要加强清算机构的机能和实效性,对重点金融机构进行集团性监管,并从市场刺激政策转向为市场改善措施。     

从"行为—效果标准"到"交易标准"——美国证券交易法域外适用最新判例评介

2010年6月美国联邦最高法院＂莫里森诉澳大利亚国民银行证券欺诈案＂就1934年《证券交易法》域外适用问题,对判例法四十多年实践形成的＂行为-效果标准＂弃而不用,采用了新的＂交易标准＂。本文拟评析该案在证券欺诈行为的跨国金融监管等方面的深远影响。     

对金融衍生品市场内幕交易的一些新思考--澳大利亚现行的反内幕交易法及其带给我们的若干启示

本文着眼于澳大利亚在治理金融衍生品市场内幕交易中积累的丰富经验,针对一个崭新的前瞻性课题,即金融衍生品市场的内幕交易问题展开研究。作者认为,由于内幕交易与信息非对称性之间存在的内在冲突,实际上反内幕交易法规很难有效地阻止金融衍生品的内幕交易行为,过于复杂的反内幕交易法规会对市场产生一些负面影响,而放松内幕交易监管这一新思维将对市场的良性发展更为有益,应该让市场来决定内幕交易行为的“存亡”。但目前最为现实、温和的选择仍然是修改现行反内幕交易法,以维护市场的公平性和有效性。最后,笔者对如何缓解中国目前内幕交易猖獗的现状提出建议。     

对金融衍生品市场内幕交易的一些新思考——澳大利亚现行的反内幕交易法及其带给我们的若干启示

本文着眼于澳大利亚在治理金融衍生品市场内幕交易中积累的丰富经验，针对一个崭新的前瞻性课题，即金融衍生品市场的内幕交易问题展开研究。作者认为，由于内幕交易与信息非对称性之间存在的内在冲突，实际上反内幕交易法规很难有效地阻止金融衍生品的内幕交易行为，过于复杂的反内幕交易法规会对市场产生一些负面影响，而放松内幕交易监管这一新思维将对市场的良性发展更为有益，应该让市场来决定内幕交易行为的“存亡”。但目前最为现实、温和的选择仍然是修改现行反内幕交易法，以维护市场的公平性和有效性。最后，笔者对如何缓解中国目前内幕交易猖獗的现状提出建议。     

惊鸿一瞥——美国就是美国

老美的赌场挺和谐拉斯维加斯,是沙漠里的赌城,也是全世界赌徒向往的圣地。博彩业是拉斯维加斯的支柱产业之一,赌场是这里的独特风景。一说到赌场,我们中国人不免会联想到昏暗吵杂的环境,各色赌徒们吆三喝四,输红了眼的倒霉蛋卖房卖地卖儿卖     

美国

经济学家预测飓风灾害将使美经济增长放慢；油价飚升 美国航空业今年预计亏损将达百亿美元；美国2005财年联邦赤字预计下降至3310亿美元；格林斯潘明年1月将卸任而舆论认为任期可能延长；外资持美元机构债中国独大一旦抛售影响广泛；毕马威险遭遇灭顶之灾以4．56亿美元换延期起诉。[编按]     

美国

美国财长保尔林：中美对话首重市场开放；美联储再次决定维持利率不变保持在5．25％水平；美政府年度能源报告称未来几年油价将缓慢下跌；美国银行市值首超花旗银行集团 成美国最大银行。     

Do Insider Trading Laws Work?

This paper presents the first comprehensive global study of insider trading laws and their first enforcement. In a sample of 4,541 acquisitions from 52 countries, I find that insider trading enforcement increases both the incidence, and the profitability of insider trading. The expected total insider trading gains increase. Consequently, laws that proscribe insider trading fail to eliminate insider profits. However, harsher laws work better at reducing the incidence of illegal insider trading.     

Insider Trading and Earnings Management

Abstract:  This paper analyzes the relationship between earnings management and insider trading, specifically investigating whether discretionary accruals are related to insider trading and valuation. We find strong evidence of insiders managing earnings downward when buying and managing earnings upward when selling. On the marginal basis, value (high book-to-market value) firms manage their earnings upward compared to growth (low book-to-market value) firms, consistent with a signaling hypothesis. However, the opposite is true on the average basis, consistent with an opportunistic hypothesis.     

Insider Trading and Voluntary Disclosures

We hypothesize that insiders strategically choose disclosure policies and the timing of their equity trades to maximize trading profits, subject to the litigation costs associated with disclosure and insider trading. Accounting for endogeneity between disclosures and trading, we find that when managers plan to purchase shares, they increase the number of bad news forecasts to reduce the purchase price. In addition, this relation is stronger for trades initiated by chief executive officers than for those initiated by other executives. Confirming this strategic behavior, we find that managers successfully time their trades around bad news forecasts, buying fewer shares beforehand and more afterwards. We do not find that managers adjust their forecasting activity when they are selling shares, consistent with higher litigation concerns associated with insider sales. Overall, our evidence suggests that insiders do exploit voluntary disclosure opportunities for personal gain, but only selectively, when litigation risk is sufficiently low.     

Insider Trading and Financing Constraints

Insider trading may alleviate financing constraints by conveying value‐relevant information to the market (the information effect) or may exacerbate financing constraints by impairing market liquidity and distorting insiders’ incentives to disclose value‐relevant information (the confidence effect). We examine the significance of these two contrasting effects by investigating the link between insider trading and financing constraints as measured by the investment‐cash flow sensitivity. We find that, overall insider trading exacerbates financing constraints; however the information effect dominates the confidence effect for insider purchases. Only trades by executive directors are significantly related to financing constraints.     

内幕交易监管与监管困境研究综述

各国对内幕交易的监管基本采取立法的形式，许多学者都探讨了实施内幕交易监管的有效性以及监管效率问题。本文对相关文献进行了梳理，发现从内幕交易监管有效性的纵向比较分析，内幕交易监管并不能达到预期的效果；从横向比较分析，内幕交易监管越严格，越有利于降低内幕交易程度。总体而言，内幕交易监管是必要与相对有效的。因交易者策略与量价甄别指标的主观性而产生了监管困境，降低了监管效率。但是监管总体上可以带给市场的效益高于成本，那么内幕交易监管的实施与不断完善是非常有必要的。     

Legal Risk and Insider Trading

Do illegal insiders internalize legal risk? We address this question with hand-collected data from 530 SEC (the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission) investigations. Using two plausibly exogenous shocks to expected penalties, we show that insiders trade less aggressively and earlier and concentrate on tips of greater value when facing a higher risk. The results match the predictions of a model where an insider internalizes the impact of trades on prices and the likelihood of prosecution and anticipates penalties in proportion to trade profits. Our findings lend support to the effectiveness of U.S. regulations' deterrence and the long-standing hypothesis that insider trading enforcement can hamper price informativeness.     

Insider Trading and the Bid-Ask Spread

This study examines the intertemporal and cross-sectional association between the bid-ask spread and insider trading. Empirical results from the cross-sectional regression analysis reveal that market makers establish larger spreads for stocks with a greater extent of insider trading. The time-series regression analysis, however, finds no evidence of spread changes on insider trading days. These results suggest that although market makers may not be able to detect insider trading when it occurs, they protect themselves by maintaining larger spreads for stocks with a greater tendency of insider trading. The results also reveal that market makers establish larger spreads when there are unusually large transactions. In addition, this study finds that spreads are positively associated with risk and negatively with trading volume, the number of exchange listings, share price, and firm size.     

Insider Trading in the OTC Market

In this paper, we examine the profitability of insider trading in firms whose securities trade in the OTC/NASDAQ market. Although the evidence suggests timing and forecasting ability on the part of insiders, high transaction costs (especially bid-ask spreads) appear to eliminate the potential for positive abnormal returns from active trading. By implication, outside investors who mimic the trading of insiders are also precluded from earning abnormal profits. In addition, we provide evidence on the determinants of insiders' profits. The data suggest that insiders closer to the firm trade on more valuable information than insiders removed from the firm.     

The Credit Crunch and Insider Trading

This paper examines the behaviour and information content of insiders’ trades before and after the credit crunch and, in particular, examines the extent to which some insiders anticipated the market crash and took action to protect their positions. In part, the market crash was brought about by the excessive borrowing of financial institutions. Our results point to the view that a number of insiders, primarily directors, were aware that the excessive use of leverage by financial institutions would ultimately have a detrimental impact on the economy. These insiders acted by selling their shares prior to the market collapse and subsequently buying them back at a lower price. Supportive evidence for the above view is provided through both graphical evidence and regression analysis. In particular, we demonstrate a link between insider behaviour and the rapid decline in share values. Further evidence is also provided of a link between insider behaviour and future risk as measured by the CDS premium. In short, we argue that this selling was not motivated by liquidity or other contrarian strategies but was a result of understanding how higher levels of leverage and excessive trading in new risky derivatives could lead to higher levels of risk, an insight possessed only by a subset of insiders.     

内幕交易理论的普通法基础

本文以美国最高法院的重要判例为主线,讨论内幕交易的"特定事实"学说、经典理论和盗用理论,分析这些理论的普通法基础及其演变过程,以图说明内幕交易法的移植是一件非常困难的事,各国(地区)只有以自己的基本法律、执法机制和司法体制为依归,才能发展出合用的内幕交易法.