独立董事制度在公司治理中的作用研究

独立董事制度起源于美国,是为了防止大股东和管理层合谋以损害公司利益为代价谋取自身利益的制度.到了70年代,一些世界级大公司如安然公司、世纪通讯等公司爆发了贿赂丑闻,引发了公众对公司内部治理的高度关注,并对如何建立完善独立董事制度以使其在公司内部治理中发挥作用进行了反思.为了与国际大企业竞争,我国效仿发达国家引入独立董事制度.但由于我国企业所处的坏境和发达国家大企业所处的坏境不同,以发达国家独立董事制度为模板引进的独立董事制度不能完全适应我国环境,以至独立董事在我国并没有发挥出公司治理的作用.因此,本文试图结合我国国情,对独立董事在我国顺利实施提出几点切实可行的建议.     

论双层制公司治理结构下独立董事制度及其建构

独立董事制度是英美单层制公司治理结构下建立公司内部监督机制的制度安排.在我国双层制公司治理结构下引入独立董事制度,有利于制约大股东,保护中小股东利益,更好地履行公司的社会责任,要缜密设计独立董事制度,界定独立董事的任职资格、产生机制以及治理权力、约束机制、激励机制等.     

中国期货经纪公司治理有效性研究

中国期货经纪公司在内部治理方面存在着股权结构不合理、管理层独立性不强、监督机制不完善、独立董事制度尚未完全建立、相关利益主体对公司监控作用较小等问题;在外部治理方面存在信息披露制度落后和市场竞争不充分造成的经理人市场缺失等问题;期货经纪公司的经营业绩与其第一大股东持股比重、期货经纪公司的董事会和监事会规模、外部债权人质量、营业部数量等因素正相关,而期货经纪公司董事长兼任总经理现象则对公司业绩产生负面影响。     

论股份制商业银行的公司治理

公司治理是一种制度安排，是在契约制度的基础上，通过各种机制，既充分调动各种利益主体的积极性，又对各种利益主体形成有效的约束，以实现其治理目标。本文试图把公司治理的一般原理与商业银行经营的特点结合起来，提出商业银行应树立利益相关者利益最大化的治理目标，建立决策、经营、监督三权分立且相互制衡的治理机制，以顺应新经济趋势，再造业务流程，优化组织结构，提高治理效率，促进银行持续稳健发展，发挥银行在经济活动中的核心作用。     

论商业银行的社会责任

因企业社会责任运动顺应了构建和谐社会的要求,2005年我国在修订《公司法》时规定了企业社会责任,在此背景下商业银行要在维护股东利益同时主动维护非股东利益相关者的利益、积极从事社会公益性事业。商业银行可以通过规定董事责任、利益相关者参与治理、独立董事监督机制实现社会责任目标,但同时要加强对经营者的监管,并把实现营利作为承担社会责任的基础。     

商业银行改制上市后内部审计体制和模式的思考

商业银行成为上市银行,就意味着要直接面对国际国内的公众投资者,逐步完善公司治理结构,以符合外部监管的要求。而内部审计是公司治理结构的重要组成部分,因此,如何创新商业银行的内部审计体制和模式,更好地发挥内部审计在商业银行公司治理结构中的作用,是我国商业银行理论者和实践者需要认真思考的一个重要课题。     

基于陀螺评价体系的商业银行公司治理机制研究

健全的公司治理是商业银行防范化解重大风险、实现长期稳健发展的重要基础.为更好地测评商业银行公司治理水平,本文结合相关政策要求,在中国银行业协会"陀螺"评价体系的基础上,构建了商业银行公司治理的量化评价体系.该量化评价体系既有定量比较,又有定性分析,从上市情况、信息披露情况、股东回报情况,以及商业银行与投资者、分析师、监管层和媒体的关系等多个层面综合评价商业银行公司治理情况.测评结果显示,近几年,商业银行公司治理水平不断提升,但也存在一些不足,包括:部分国有及国有控股银行未能很好地将党的领导融入公司治理全过程;一些中小银行独立董事占比较低,独立董事的监督作用有待进一步加强;部分商业银行的战略规划偏离定位,绩效考核过于注重短期利益等.据此,本文建议结合中国银保监会《健全银行业保险业公司治理三年行动方案》的相关要求,通过进一步规范股东行为,增强董事会等治理主体的履职质效,健全激励约束机制,充分发挥行业自律组织作用等措施,切实提升商业银行的公司治理水平.     

中国上市公司的独立董事制度分析

上市公司的独立董事有别于执行董事,他与股东没有直接的利益关系.设立独立董事主要是英美模式和东亚模式企业制度的规定,与德国模式设立监事会的企业制度不同,也与日本模式不设监事会、只设董事会的企业制度有所区别.英美模式的独立董事在董事会中能发挥重要作用,东亚模式的独立董事主要起约束家族大股东行为和维护中小股东权益的作用.中国上市公司积极地引入独立董事会制度,同时又保留监事会,其目的是制约一股独大的权力,但独立董事实际能发挥作用的空间很小,存在许多需要完善的体制问题.     

加快投资银行独立董事制度建设

独立董事有利于弥补监事会外部监督的不足，投资银行的特殊性决定了投资银行更需要建立独立董事制度，维护中小股东和客户等利益相关者的利益：对已上市投资银行独董制度执行情况进行分析，有助于研讨投资银行独立董事制度的专门法规，明确独立董事的遴选方式、任职资格与条件、激励与约束机制，加强独立董事的独立性和执业水平等针对性措施，完善投行独立董事制度。     

试论公司治理及独立董事的激励与约束

引入独立董事制度是完善公司治理结构的一个重要方面.文章在简单述评目前有关公司治理问题进行的基础上,探讨了独立董事的作用,提出了解决独立董事激励与约束的网络平台思路.     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…     

银行管理信息平台建设发展的思考

一、目前国内银行IT发展现状及面临的问题 银行数据集中工作的完成,标志着银行的业务由电子化建设阶段转入信息化建设阶段.一方面银行数据的集中提供了丰富全面的基础数据,面对日益庞大的数据源,如何将数字转化为对银行有用的信息,并从中发现知识,为银行的经营决策提供支持,是摆在银行IT人员面前的一个亟待解决的问题.另一方面用户对银行信息的需求日益增长,如果银行没有一套完整、实用的信息管理系统,将对业务发展非常不利.南京爱立信公司倒戈花旗银行事件曾经轰动一时,其中一个重要原因就是中国本地银行不能满足爱立信全球总部对南京爱立信公司的要求:每周财务上报和每天贷款限额管理.这一事件为中国商业银行的未来发展敲响了警钟,如果不加快管理信息系统的开发,迅速提升业务管理水平,类似的事件还会接连不断地发生,并最终导致国内商业银行在同国外商业银行的竞争中全面溃败.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.