The Economic Impact of the Small Business Administration's Intervention in the Small Firm Credit Market: A Review of the Research Literature*

The guaranteed lending programs of the Small Business Administration (SBA) are large and growing rapidly. The SBA's fiscal year 2009 Performance Budget calls for $28 billion in guaranteed loans for small businesses—a new record for the agency. Some critics of SBA programs suggest they do not help small businesses or overall economic performance. Other critics suggest that these programs unfairly benefit the financial institutions that participate in SBA's guaranteed lending programs. Whereas very little serious empirical evidence exists on whether the net economic impact of the SBA's guaranteed lending programs is positive or negative, a few recent studies provide some insight into the question. In general, they suggest a small positive impact of the SBA's programs on economic performance. However, the results are very tentative and further research is needed to declare a more definitive position. We provide a general overview of the SBA's guaranteed lending programs and summarize the results of these studies.     

中小企业信贷配给的综合模型

本文将银行利润、银行利率、企业风险、企业规模作为内生系统变量纳入一个分析框架,建立一个竞争性市场下综合的信贷配给模型,重点研究不同风险类型的中小企业的信贷配给。模型揭示,多样性的信贷合同组合可以通过贷款利率、抵押品作为甄别机制而达到斯宾塞-莫里斯分离均衡,并分析了其存在的条件与范围,阐述了模型对中国金融系统改革及中小企业信贷配给的现实启示。     

Small Firm Growth: Intentions, Implementation and Impediments

Recent evidence suggests that many small to medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in the UK experience difficulty growing from the start-up phase into larger well established firms. This research uses survey data from UK instruments, printing and software SMEs to explore the attitudes of SME managers towards growth, to identify the strategies they pursue to achieve growth, and to establish the main factors they perceive to be limiting their growth. We find that although most managers profess to value growth and follow expansionary strategies, the main limits on the growth of SMEs are the intensity of competition stemming from the recession, and the inability or unwillingness of management to deal with the increased administrative burden arising from expansion.     

信贷规模对经济增长与物价变动影响的实证分析

受国际金融危机影响,中国政府坚持实施宽松的货币政策,信贷规模不断上升。为考察信贷政策的影响力,本文根据1998—2008年度信贷规模、实际GDP和消费物价水平的季度数据,通过协整检验、格兰杰因果检验、误差修正模型以及脉冲响应分析等进行实证分析。研究表明:信贷增长在短期和长期内都会引致经济增长,但长期还会引致物价水平上升,因此短期内坚持适度宽松的信贷政策对保增长有现实合理性,但长期需警惕其潜在风险;从2009年第2季度的情况来看,信贷对经济增长的贡献远低于历史情况,因此还需关注信贷资金的使用效率。     

Factor Substitution, Average Firm Size and Economic Growth

This paper extends the Lucas (1978, The Bell Journal of Economics 9(2), 508–523) analysis of firm size by taking into account a normalised aggregate CES production function. In a general equilibrium framework it is proved that there is an inverse relation between the elasticity of substitution and average firm size. If interpreted together with the fact that richer countries are characterised by a higher elasticity of substitution, this result can explain why the recent literature finds a positive association between the importance of SMEs in an economy and its stage of development, but seems to fail in finding causality between the two. Both have a common origin: a high value of the elasticity of substitution. This paper also provides a first empirical test of the theory proposed using cross-country data from both developed and developing countries.     

Firm Size,Source of Finance,and Growth - Evidence from China

Using a comprehensive firm-level data set from China spanning the period 1998–2005, this study investigates the relationship between firm size, financing sources, and total factor productivity growth. Controlling for the endogeneity of financing sources, we find that firm size plays an important role in the way financial structure affects the growth process. Domestic bank loans are more effective for bigger firms, while self-raised finance is more beneficial to smaller firms’ growth. We also uncover evidence that ownership mediates the relationship between firm size, finance, and growth.     

Financial Structure,Corporate Finance and Economic Growth

This paper examines how a country’s financial structure affects economic growth through its impact on how corporations raise and manage funds. We define a country’s financial structure to consist of the institutions, financial technology and rules of the game that define how financial activity is organized at a point in time. We emphasize that the aspects of financial structure that encourage entrepreneurship are not the same as those that ensure the efficiency of established firms. Financial structures that permit the development of specialized capital by financial intermediaries are crucial to economic growth.     

Extra Credit: Bank Finance and Firm Export Status in Germany

This paper estimates the exporter premium in bank lending. We examine credit relationships in Germany, covering all loans of more than 1.5 million euro over the period from 2005 to 2010. Having controlled for a wide range of other firm and bank characteristics, our results indicate that exporting firms take out loans around 15 per cent larger than those of non‐exporters.     

经济增长、制度环境对地方政府土地财政依赖的影响机理

明确地方政府土地财政依赖的影响机理,有利于缓解当前地方政府高度依赖土地财政的现状.本文从经济增长和制度环境双重角度构建影响地方政府土地财政依赖的分析框架,并采用2000~2013年我国省级数据构建动态面板模型进行实证检验.研究结果显示:地方政府对土地财政的依赖在短期内具有激励作用与惯性特征,长期具有收敛趋势.土地财政产生于工业化与城市化进程之中,经济增长对地方政府土地财政依赖具有显著促进作用.分税制改革背景下,财权与事权的不对等程度是地方政府依赖土地财政的前提,土地出让制度市场化改革、 地方政府竞争、 房地产业支柱型产业定位政策对地方政府土地财政依赖有显著促进作用.其中,滞后一期财事权不对等程度对当期地方政府土地财政依赖具有负向影响,由此反映出分税制改革对地方政府土地财政具有显著的促进作用.在地方政府竞争中,招商引资的竞争方式在短期内对地方土地财政依赖度的影响尚不显著,但通过基础设施建设的竞争愈激烈,地方政府愈加依赖土地财政.     

地方经济增长目标对外商直接投资的影响与机制研究

经济增长目标管理是中国宏观经济的重要现象,外商直接投资的注入为经济增长提供了重要的源泉。文章基于中国各地级市政府工作报告公布的年度经济增长目标,形成284个地级市2001~2016年面板数据,检验经济增长目标对吸引外资的影响。研究发现,经济增长目标的提高显著增大了实际利用外资数量,该发现是稳健的,在进行了变换度量变量、回归样本和考虑内生性的稳健性检验之后,结论依然成立。究其机制,在既定的经济增长目标的激励下,地方政府扩大土地出让面积,增大人均财政支出,以此吸引外商直接投资。文章还发现,地方经济增长目标的提高将导致外商直接投资显著增加的效应,仅在欠发达的中西部地区成立,在2012年之前出现。文章的发现为进一步优化政府目标管理实现经济高质量发展提供了有益的参考。     

Size,Age and Activity Sector on the Growth of the Small and Medium Firm Size

Although corporate growth is one of the most researched subjects in different areas of economic science, it is not currently based on a general theory or generally accepted conceptual definition. In spite of this, growth has usually been considered an essential objective for a firm, contributing to its survival and competitiveness. This work aims to provide a more in-depth study of the factors that condition the growth of small and medium-sized firms, by offering some empirical evidence that will contribute to its modelling, especially in relation to the influence of size, age and activity sector. In this context, we shall attempt to contrast the validity of Gibrat's approach and the Learning Theory.     

区域金融集聚与区域经济增长

协同性分析发现区域金融集聚与区域经济增长之间存在协同发展的趋势。平稳性检验与协整分析发现区域金融集聚与区域经济增长之间存在长期稳定的均衡关系。基于VAR模型的脉冲响应函数分析表明正向的区域金融集聚或区域经济增长冲击最终都将带来相互的正向响应。Granger因果关系检验进一步检验了不同滞后期区域金融集聚与区域经济增长之间的因果关系,发现区域金融集聚与区域经济增长之间存在互为因果的关系。区域金融、经济发展与宏观经济运行均需注重区域金融集聚与区域经济增长之间的协同效应。     

Issues which Impact upon Marketing in the Small Firm

Defining the small firm is somewhat arbitrary as criteria used to classify entities as such include size, number of employees, sales volume, asset size, type of customer, capital requirements and market share. There is, however, general agreement that smallness and newness create specific difficulties for business. Furthermore, there is widespread acceptance of the notion that small firms typically possess certain characteristics, which serve to differentiate them from larger organisations. These characteristics include inherent weaknesses with respect to capitalisation and marketing awareness and practice. Small firms are perceived as vulnerable yet valuable entities, important both economically and socially. High failure rates of small firms are largely attributed to weaknesses in financial management and marketing. Many classical management concepts are unsuitable for application in a small firm context, with research suggesting non-implementation of theoretically based marketing practice is the rule rather than the exception in the small firm. This paper reviews issues pertaining to marketing practice in the small firm. It examines the absence of agreed definitions of "the small firm" and "success" or "failure" of such entities, offers definitions for these terms, acknowledges the importance of small firms to the economy, reviews small firm characteristics, acknowledges inherent weaknesses with regard to finance and marketing in small firms, reviews marketing practice in the context of small firm characteristics, and considers the roles of marketing educators and owner/managers in improving small firm's marketing practice.     

信贷配给、金融发展水平与企业创新

我国信贷规模的增长没有带来企业创新研发投入强度和效率的明显变化,其中,由于信贷配给问题的影响,在信贷结构上对企业创新研发的支持不足,同时,金融市场的发展水平也未在缓解信贷配给问题、影响信贷资金合理配置、提高企业创新研发投资效率等方面发挥应有的作用。基于上述推断,本文以我国2014-2016年A股上市公司为样本,考察信贷配给对企业创新活动投入(资本和劳动)和产出效率的影响,及其在不同地区金融发展水平下的差异。结果显示:整体而言,企业信贷配给规模的增加、期限结构的延长,以及信贷成本的下降确实会显著促进企业创新经营活动要素投入规模的上升和产出效率的提高,其中,相比于对资本要素投入的影响,其对劳动要素投入的影响更加敏感和显著;企业创新产出效率对信贷资源配置成本的变化,要比信贷配置的规模和期限更加敏感。进一步分析表明,地区金融发展水平确实对企业创新活动的投入和产出效率产生了影响。以上研究的重要启示在于,金融服务支持企业技术创新,要同时关注信贷规模、期限和成本等对企业创新活动不同要素的影响,以及对不同地区金融发展水平下企业技术创新活动的影响,使信贷支持更加精准、有效;而上述目标的有效实现,还需要有针对性政策影响下的机制引导。     

民间借贷利率下调对小贷公司的影响分析

自2017年以来,小额贷款公司无论从机构数量,还是贷款余额来看,都存在逐年下降的现象。民间借贷利率司法保护上限的下调,会使其处境更加艰难。本文在分析利率下调的背景与原因的基础上,重点对小贷公司所受影响进行深入分析。最后,针对民间借贷利率下调的影响提出了小贷公司的应对策略,以期减少民间借贷利率下调对小贷公司的影响冲击,使其健康发展。     

金融发展对经济增长作用的区域差异——来自苏南、苏中、苏北的实证分析

以金融发展与经济增长的内在机制为理论基础,来实证分析江苏省三大区域金融发展对经济增长作用的差异。结果表明:三大区域金融发展与经济增长呈正相关关系;存款余额对GDP的贡献苏北大于苏中和苏南;贷款余额对GDP的贡献顺序为苏南、苏中、苏北;投资对GDP的贡献苏南大于苏北。     

Entrepreneurship,Firm Growth and Regional Development in the New Economic Geography: Introduction

Small Business Economics -     

Export Specialisation and Local Economic Growth

This paper aims to provide empirical evidence on whether export specialization or diversification is better for local economic growth. Using export data from 354 magisterial districts of South Africa for 1996 and 2001 we estimate spatial growth regressions that include measures of the degree of export specialization and diversification. Overall, exporting regions outperform other (less or non‐) exporting regions. Also, we find that export specialisation, rather than export diversification, has been associated with local economic growth; with specialization in mining and agriculture being especially beneficial. Our results support the view that specialization in a locality’s area of comparative advantage is good for local economic development. We also find that localities with higher initial levels of human capital, and higher subsequent population growth, performed better. This is consistent with the belief that policies aimed at strengthening human capital and improving agglomeration economies, will enhance local economic development.     

供应链金融视角下中小企业信用风险评价

为了解决中小企业信贷难的问题,供应链金融(SCF)依托供应链上核心大企业的信用给予链条的上下游中小企业授信。科学客观地评价中小企业的信用风险成为银行成功实施供应链金融的基础,同时也为银行向中小企业开展金融业务提供了具体的方向和行动指导。本文运用主成分分析和二元Logistic回归分析方法建立了信用风险评估模型,测算中小融资企业信用风险高低,并通过实例对评估模型进行检验。证明了基于供应链金融的中小企业信用风险评估模型预测结果准确度较高,可帮助商业银行预测中小企业信用水平,同时也帮助中小企业有效缓解融资困难。     

Lending Relationships,Bank Default and Economic Activity

The paper reviews contributions in the literature, which lend theoretical and empirical credibility to the idea that the banking relationship is valuable and important for the firm. Banks offer a lending relationship as the solution to the firm's ongoing credit needs. Bank default disrupts this relationship. Hence risk in the banking sector influences the value of the relationship, the cost of corporate finance, and the level and growth of real activity. As bank default is often the result of fraud and internal irregularities, it is hard to predict. Bank default affects the economy through a number of different channels. The loss of the relationship, benefit for the firm is an important route through which the health of the banking sector influences real activity.