中国将引领全球丁二醇市场需求快速增长

1，4-丁二醇（BDO）是一种是重要的有机化工产品．是附加值较高的精细化工产品及合成革的主要原料．主要用于生产聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯（PBT）、γ-丁内酯（GBL）、聚氨酯（PU）、四氢呋喃（THF）．共聚多酯醚（COPEs）、聚四亚甲基乙二醇醚、N-甲基吡咯烷酮（NMP）、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮等。此外．还用于合成维生素B6、农药、除草剂以及溶剂、增湿剂、增塑剂、医药中间体、链增长剂和胶粘剂等。     

1，4-丁二醇脱氢和糠醛加氢耦合一体化Cu-Zn-A1催化剂的制备

γ-丁内酯和2-甲基呋喃是重要的有机化工中间体。现开发了常压脱氢加氢耦合一体化制γ-丁内酯和2-甲基呋喃的新工艺，在耦合过程中，糠醛加氢反应释放出来的热可以用于1，4-丁二醇脱氢反应，而1，4-丁二醇脱出的氢可以用于糠醛加氢。现将合成甲醇和水煤气转化的Cu-Zn-Al体系催化剂用于1，4-丁二醇脱氢和糠醛加氢耦合反应，采用不同的铝源制备催化剂。     

γ—丁内酯市场前景看好

γ-丁内酯又名4-羟基丁酸内酯，是一种重要的有机化工原料和精细化学中间体。也是一种性能良好的高沸点溶剂。在石油方面，γ-丁内酯可用作吸收炔烃的溶剂、芳烃的萃取剂，不溶于水的醇类和环状醚的萃取剂，润滑油添加剂，液状烃的增粘剂和胶凝剂及辛烷值的促进剂；在医药方面，可用作麻醉及镇静治疗癫病、脑出血和高血压，用作维生素原料中绿素的中间体，X射线造影剂，用于合成抗菌素新药环丙沙星和干扰素等，在纤维方面，γ-丁内酯可用作丙烯腈纤维的纺比溶剂和凝固溶剂，纤维素酯羊毛、尼龙、丙烯腈纤维的染色助剂，尼龙纤维的抗静电剂，在树脂方面，γ-丁内酯可用作聚丙烯腈、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯的溶剂，聚氟乙烯树脂的分散剂，纤维素酯的溶剂，聚酯、聚酰胺、聚氨酯泡沫的原料、聚酯染色改性剂、树脂特殊增塑剂，合成树脂的抗氧剂、环氧树脂的稀释剂和固化剂，在农业上，γ-丁内酯可用作杀虫剂的中间体和除草剂等。此外，γ-丁内酯还可用作染料及颜料中间体，偶合剂，粮食作物，家畜生长促进剂，香料助剂，电池和电容器电解液，硅酸钠水溶液的凝胶化控制剂和涂料除去剂等。     

全球丁二醇市场前景看好

一、用途 1，4-丁二醇（BDO）是一种是重要的有机化工产品，是附加值较高的精细化工产品及合成革的主要原料，主要用于生产聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯（PBT）、 γ-丁内酯（GBL）、聚氨酯（PU）、四氢呋喃（THF）、共聚多酯醚（COPEs）、聚四亚甲基乙二醇醚、N-甲基吡咯烷酮（NMP）、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮等。此外，还用于合成维生素B6、农药、除草剂以及溶剂、增湿剂、增塑剂、医药中间体、链增长剂和胶粘剂等。     

γ-丁内酯产业面临重新洗牌

γ-丁内酯(GBL)是一种重要的有机化工原料及精细化工中间体，也是一种性能良好、溶解性强、电性能好、稳定性高、无毒、使用安全的高沸点溶剂。在石油化工、医药、农药等领域有着广泛的应用。     

环丙烷甲酸异丙酯的合成

环丙烷甲酸异丙酯是合成环丙胺的重要中间体。我们以γ—丁内酯和亚硫酰氯为原料，在常压条件下开环生成γ—氯代丁酰氯，不需分离出中间体γ—氯代丁酰氯而一步合成了γ—氯代丁酸异丙酯，避免使用高压设备及影响后处理的氯化锌，简化了操作，缩短了反应时间，提高了得率，并     

γ－丁内酯市场需求

γ－丁内酯市场需求汪家铭γ—丁内酯是重要的有机化工原料和精细化工中间体，又是一种优良的高沸点有机溶剂，可用作石油化工生产中烯烃的革取剂及炔烃的吸收剂。医药工业作为生产维生素Ｂ１、脑复康、环丙沙星、麻醉药和镇静药的原料。农药工业用于生产除草剂和植物生长...     

三羟甲基丙烷的生产与应用

三羟甲基丙烷的生产与应用王洪记三羟甲基丙烷（简称ＴＭＰ）是无嗅、有甜味的吸湿性结晶或粉末，熔点６１℃，沸点２９２℃，易溶于水、乙醇、丙酮、甲基异丁酮，可溶于氯仿、ＣＣ１４、乙醚，不溶于脂肪烃和芳烃。ＴＭＰ是合成高档涂料、聚氨酯泡沫塑料、表面活性剂和其...     

N-羟乙基吡咯烷酮的合成

N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(NVP)的合成方法主要有乙炔法和非乙炔法两大类。乙炔法是应用最早也是最成熟的方法，但该方法存在操作温度和压力高、乙炔有爆炸的危险、工艺流程长等缺点。非乙炔法有吡咯烷酮法、γ-丁内酯法等，其中具有工业化前景的γ-丁内酯法，该法具有操作步骤少、安全性高、环境污染小等优点。现以改性Y分子筛为催化剂，采用γ-丁内酯法两步合成N-羟乙基吡咯烷(NHP)。该方法不仅提高了产物的收率，而且大大缩短了整个胺解反应的时间。     

顺酐产业将应对供大于求

顺酐主要应用于玻璃钢行业的原料不饱和聚酯树脂（UPR）；加氢类产品中的1，4-丁二醇（BDO）、四氢呋喃（THF）和γ-丁内酯（GBL）；也应用于涂料、润滑油添加剂、农药、酒石酸、琥珀酸及酐、四氢苯酐、改性松香等方面。     

Endogenous location leadership

We analyze a game of timing where Sellers, which have marginal production cost asymmetries, can delay entry and a commitment to a location in a Hotelling type setting. When cost differences are large enough the game becomes a war of attrition that yields Stackelberg behavior where the high cost firm will delay choosing a location until the low cost firm commits to its position. We find interaction effects between timing and the degree of product differentiation and compute timing/location and mixed strategy equilibria through a range of marginal cost differences. The firms maximally differentiate with moderate cost differences; with somewhat greater cost differences there is intermediate differentiation, and; with large cost differences there is a blockading monopoly. The low cost firm always commits to entry immediately whereas the high cost firm either enters immediately, shortly after the low cost leader, or never, depending on the cost differences. Finally, we find that in equilibrium the duopoly is sustained for a larger range of cost differentials and that differentiation is greater than the social optimum.     

Forgoing invention to deter entry

A monopoly facing potential entry may not want to develop an efficient technology even at zero R&D costs. Such a phenomenon occurs if a new technology is distinct from the existing one so production uncertainty becomes technology-specific. Then the monopoly can reduce the entrant's post-entry profit to the point of deterrence by using the existing technology with which the entrant would enter. We show that the monopoly develops a new technology when the entrant faces a sufficiently high or low entry cost but forgoes invention when the entry cost is intermediate. These results hold both in quantity and price competition.     

Differential Pricing in Intermediate Good Markets

This paper studies differential pricing by an upstream monopolist whose cost to supply the intermediate good differs across buyers in the downstream. It is shown that, different from demand‐based price discrimination, cost‐based differential pricing shifts production efficiently. If total output (and consumer welfare) is weakly increased under differential pricing as opposed to uniform pricing, as is true for weakly convex final market demand functions, social welfare is strictly improved. The analysis is extended to the case in which both the upstream monopolist's cost to serve the downstream firms and the downstream firms’ cost to produce the final good differ.     

熊果苷及其中间体的含量测定

由于熊果苷对黑色素合成酶(酪氨酸酶)有很好的抑制效果,对人体肌肤有良好的美白作用,因而在化妆品中得到广泛应用。由于天然提取法工艺复杂,生产成本高,不能大规模生产,人工合成法是熊果苷的主要制备方法。介绍了一种同时测定熊果苷及其中间体的检测方法,指导和优化熊果苷的合成与纯化。     

Service Regulations,Input Prices and Export Volumes: Evidence from a Panel of Manufacturing Firms

Using a panel of firm‐level data from Spanish manufacturers, this study shows that better service regulation reduces the price of intermediate inputs paid by downstream firms. The beneficial cost effects of services reforms extend to both large and small‐to‐medium sized corporations (SME’s), but the former tend to enjoy greater gains. This feature also manifests itself in international markets. We find evidence of an input cost channel through which service regulations affect the volume of exports of large manufacturers, while the evidence of such a channel is weaker for SME’s. Our estimates indicate that, from 1991 to 2007, large firms increased their volume of exports by an average of 20 per cent as a result of the direct input cost effect of services reforms, such that the firms that benefited the most typically belonged to industries more dependent on service inputs. Furthermore, convergence to the ‘best practice’ regulatory framework in services would have raised exports at least by an additional nine per cent. We conclude that firm size is relevant for the connection between services reforms, intermediate input prices and export volumes.     

Outsourcing induced by strategic competition

We show that intermediate goods can be sourced to firms on the “outside” (that do not compete in the final product market), even when there are no economies of scale or cost advantages for these firms. What drives the phenomenon is that “inside” firms, by accepting such orders, incur the disadvantage of becoming Stackelberg followers in the ensuing competition to sell the final product. Thus they have incentive to quote high provider prices to ward off future competitors, driving the latter to source outside.     

Social network theory,broadband and the future of the World Wide Web

This paper aims to predict some possible futures for the World Wide Web based on several key network parameters: size, complexity, cost and increasing connection speed through the uptake of broadband technology. This is done through the production of a taxonomy specifically evaluating the stability properties of the fully connected star and complete networks, based on the Jackson and Wolinsky [(1996). A strategic model of social and economic networks. Journal of Economic Theory, 71, 44–74] connections model, modified to incorporate complexity concerns. The taxonomy demonstrates that when connection speeds are low neither the star nor complete networks are stable, and when connection speeds are high the star network is usually stable, while the complete network is never stable. For intermediate speed levels much depends upon the other parameters. Under plausible assumptions about the future, the taxonomy suggests that the Web may be increasingly dominated by a single intermediate site, perhaps best described as a search engine.     

The rise of IT services clusters in India: A case of growth by replication

The Indian IT services sector has grown from small beginnings at the bottom of value creation to a major player in the global information and communications technology (ICT) industry. It commands a 55% share in the global market for IT services. India's IT sector value proposition in terms of low cost with large supply of high quality talent is compelling. As a result, India has become the premier choice not only for outsourcing IT services by the developed-world's multinational corporations (MNCs) but also for locating their own Global In-house Centers (GICs), which simultaneously compete and partner with local firms. This gave rise to six additional clusters beyond the earliest, largest and robust cluster, Bangalore. The paper provides a review of relevant literature; develops a conceptual framework for evaluation of clusters; and presents data and analysis with respect to relative size, growth, specialization, MNC presence and connectivity to local firms through expatriates and returning Indians, ,innovation; and discusses adequacy of ICT infrastructure for future growth. Although there are clear signs that the Indian IT sector has been moving towards a regime of providing high-end value added services, the sector's value proposition – lower cost combined with a large supply of high quality talent – remains the single most compelling reason for the rise and growth of multiple export clusters. Thus the sector's growth appears to be a case of growth by replication rather than innovation. The paper concludes that the Indian IT sector's value proposition in terms of lower cost combined with large supply of high quality talent remains the single most compelling reason for the rise and growth of multiple IT services export clusters. While the old adage, “people follow jobs” still holds for large part of the labor force, there is little doubt that the sprawling IT services clusters in India - with more to come from Tier II and Tier III cities – indicate, in fact, that “jobs follow talent." Both local firms and the MNCs, through their GICs, are pushing the boundaries of location farther and farther to continue to leverage cost advantage and available pools of talent.     

Divisional Cost of Capital: A Study of Its Use by Major U.S. Firms

The study examines the use of divisional cost of capital by Fortune 1000 companies. Two hundred and ninety eight firms (29.8 percent) responded to the survey. While the concept of weighted average cost of capital is utilized by 85.2 percent of the respondents, less than 50 percent use divisional cost of capital. By using a single firm cut-off criterion for all projects, there is the potential for intrafirm misallocation of capital since projects initiated by high risk divisions are more likely to be accepted because of high returns. Lower return divisions with less risk may be starved for capital when only a single weighted average cost of capital is used. The author also suggests some normative approaches to solve the problem.     

奥拉西坦的合成工艺改进

介绍了一种合成奥拉西坦的改进方法,以双乙烯酮为起始原料,经氯化开环、酯化得到4-氯-乙酰乙酸甲酯,经氯化、催化甲氧基化两步反应,得到中间产物,再直接与甘氨酰胺盐酸盐在醇类溶剂中环合得到4-甲氧基-吡咯啉-2-酮-1-基乙酰胺,脱甲基保护得到2,4-二氧吡咯啉-1-基乙酰胺盐酸盐,最后还原得到奥拉西坦。该方法简化了操作步骤,总收率达到28.1%,较相关专利提高了5.64%,成本降低,更加适合工业化生产。