基于专利转让数据分析的高校科技成果转化路径探索

高校是国家创新体系的重要组成部分,其专利转让与许可是建设创新型国家的重要环节。全国高校数量众多,专利授权数量和有效专利数丰富,但高校专利转让及许可实施效果欠佳。采用实证分析方法,对2013—2020年全国高校专利转化数据进行挖掘和分析,从有效发明专利数、专利转让率、专利所有权转让及许可数、专利所有权转让及许可收入等维度,深入研究全国高校专利转让与许可现状,分析制约高校专利转化的关键因素,并从完善高校科研评价体系、加大与企业和市场需求的对接、建立健全科技成果转化管理机构等方面提出对策和建议。     

Developing countries and the patent system: An economic appraisal

The economic arguments for patents are that: (i) they are a necessary incentive to inventive industry; (ii) they are a sufficient stimulus to technological innovation and investment; (iii) the monopoly privileges granted to the patentee are compensated for by the disclosure of technical information to society. The paper shows all three propositions to be of dubious validity in the developing-country context. At least five-sixths of patents in developing countries are in foreign hands, mainly transnational corporations, and thus bear no relation to the flow of domestic inventive activity. At least 95 per cent of patents in developing countries are never used and serve as a block to domestic production while increasing the market power of foreign corporations. Those patents actually in use impose substantial costs both through ‘transfer-pricing’ and restrictive clauses in licensing agreements. Finally, technical information in patent documents is of limited value to developing countries and could in any case be obtained cheaply in the absence of patents.     

Product Cycles, Innovation, and Exports: A Study of Indian Pharmaceuticals

This paper studies the product cycle and neo-technology theories of trade in the context of generic pharmaceuticals. It analyzes the export performance of 131 Indian pharmaceutical firms for the period 1989–2004. The results indicate that technology proxied by foreign patent rights has a positive impact on exports. This suggests that developing countries with innovation skills for process innovations are capable of penetrating international markets in the later stages of the product cycle by using patents, which were the barriers to trade in the early stages of the product cycle.     

Imitation, patent protection, and welfare

Newly developed technologies run the risk of being imitatedwhen patents are long and imitation cost is low. This papershows that the innovator has the incentive to postpone technologyadoption when imitation is a credible threat but imitation costis not below a certain threshold. The possibility of licensingeliminates or at least reduces the incentive for delayed technologyadoption. Further, this paper explains the advantages of a forwardlicensing contract versus a simple licensing contract in termsof profits and social welfare.     

基于专利申请人视角的高价值专利情报分析——以中国专利金奖获奖专利为例

高价值专利培育工作当前已成为各级政府推动知识产权高质量发展、促进科技创新和经济社会发展的重要着力点。将由国家知识产权局评选的中国专利金奖获奖专利作为高价值专利，基于申请人视角选取指标并对这些专利进行分析，以期为创新主体提供借鉴与参考。研究表明，进行高价值专利培育时，各类创新主体需要关注多类型专利、以市场为导向加强产学研合作、强化与代理机构的合作、加强权利要求撰写的谋篇布局和专利转化运用的能力建设。     

媒体宣传、知识产权保护与企业创新

本文收集了中国省级官方媒体对知识产权的宣传倾向信息和企业层面的专利数量和质量信息,经验检验了官方媒体关于知识产权保护的宣传对中国企业创新的影响研究发现:官方媒体宣传知识产权保护对企业创新具有正向激励作用,不仅促进了企业专利数量的增长,还推动了专利质量的提升;官方媒体宣传能更好地激励政府治理或经济环境相对较弱地区企业的创新,具有典型的“扶弱效应”,媒体宣传提高了弱势企业的信息获取与分析能力,使作为公共产品的政府态度和政策更好地发挥作用。本文研究表明,地方政府,尤其是欠发达地区的地方政府,应加大官方媒体对知识产权保护的宣传力度,更好发挥“软促进”政策的创新激励作用,为经济高质量发展注入新动力。     

The role of research and ownership collaboration in generating patent quality: China-U.S comparisons

This paper uses patent data from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to investigate the association between inventor collaboration and joint assignee ownership, both domestic and international, and patent quality as measured by the number of claims and citations associated with a patent. Specifically, we compare the quality implications of research collaboration and joint patent ownership for the quality of U.S. and Chinese patents. Overall, we find that domestic inventor collaboration is associated with higher quality results for U.S. patents than Chinese patents. However, for China, international collaboration is associated with more positive quality outcomes; for U.S. patents, international collaboration implies lower quality than that associated with domestic U.S. collaboration. Part of this disparity is due to substantially different quality outcomes associated with joint U.S.-Chinese patents – quality gains for China and quality reductions for the U.S. We also investigate the quality implications of different organization-centered research, including dyadic and triadic collaborations, for patent quality as well as the quality implications of various assignee-inventor relationships, operating through incentive and scale effects. While most firms, particularly those in the U.S., appear to exploit advantages of fewer owner-assignees coordinating the scale benefits of more inventors, universities and research institutes in China appear to rely less on coordination-scale effects and more on the incentive effects associated with assigning patent ownership to inventors.     

Competences for green development and leapfrogging in newly industrializing countries

Competences for green development and leapfrogging in Newly Industrializing Countries are becoming increasingly urgent from a global perspective. The integration of these innovations into the development process in the rapidly growing economies requires knowledge build-up and technology cooperation. The prospect of exporting sustainability technologies can add an incentive for them to move towards sustainability technologies. These issues also affect innovations to increase material efficiency, which are receiving increasing interest among sustainability innovations. The competences for green development are analyzed with an innovation indicator approach. The general innovation capabilities are evaluated using R&D indicators and survey results about general innovation capabilities. Technological competences in the sustainability fields are a key indicator for the absorptive capacity of sustainability technologies and for the ability to export them. International patents and publications, and successes in foreign trade indicate to what extent a country is already able to participate in global technology markets. The resulting pattern shows various strengths and weaknesses of the analyzed countries. In general, the knowledge build up in material efficiency strategies is above-average in the Newly Industrializing Countries. There is a strong need for strategic positioning of the countries and for coordination of the various policy fields involved.     

中国企业创新为何重数量而轻质量——数量增长目标考核视角

数量增长目标考核是中国创新政策的重要特色。由于政策实施过程中普遍存在信息问题和机会主义，数量增长目标考核会引发微观创新主体的适用性策略行为。文章通过手工搜集和匹配上市公司专利数据，建立双重差分模型，尝试从专利数量增长目标考核视角，考察中国2010年实施的《全国专利事业发展战略（2011-2020年）》这一重大创新战略对企业创新行为的影响，发现该战略对企业专利数量增长具有显著的促进作用，而对专利质量提升具有抑制效应，表明专利数量增长的目标考核会导致企业"重数量、轻质量"的专利申请行为。异质性分析的结果表明，民营企业以及创新能力偏低的企业更倾向于采取"重数量、轻质量"的专利申请行为。进一步，该战略主要通过财政补贴、税收优惠和信贷扶持等政策措施引导企业专利申请行为。这些结论为引导中国企业高质量创新行为的政策目标设计、政策工具选择及分类精准施策提供了有益启发。     

R&D and patenting activities of foreign firms in China: The case of Japan

This study investigates the research and development (R&D) and patenting activities of foreign firms in China. Utilizing a panel dataset of Japanese affiliates during the period 2001–2007, we first examine the determinants of R&D activity and find that local market-oriented firms place more emphasis on R&D, whereas process export-oriented firms are less likely to conduct R&D. Affiliates within a large business group that has more affiliates have a higher propensity to undertake R&D. Using only firms with positive R&D expenditures, we next estimate the patent production function. Results indicate that the patent elasticity of R&D for Japanese affiliates is high, suggesting that they are more productive on patent production than other firms. Moreover, local market-oriented firms do need more patents to protect their products, whereas scientific firms demonstrate a lower willingness to register patents in China.     

The value of Chinese patents: An empirical investigation of citation lags

China has been experiencing a substantial growth in patent applications. But is this increase accompanied by a similar increase in patent value? To assess this question, we examine the citation lag of Chinese patents as a proxy of patent value in comparison with patents from the US, Europe, Japan, and Korea. Our empirical analysis comprises a unique data set of 60,000 patents with priority years between 2000 and 2010. Utilizing Cox regressions, our results show that Chinese patents suffer from a large citation lag in comparison to international patents, indicating a lower value. This is especially true for patents filed domestically. However, we find empirical support for an increasing patent value in more recent patents. China shows a strong dynamic in the field of patenting and our results suggest that the gap between Chinese patents and international patents might narrow down in the near future.     

产业链视角下稀土授权专利的文献计量分析——基于2000—2021年智慧芽数据

基于2000—2021年智慧芽数据库收录的稀土产业链有关专利数据,利用社会网络分析方法和Gephi软件的可视化分析,从稀土产业链的开采、冶炼、精加工以及应用4个环节分析稀土专利技术趋势,为稀土技术发展提供借鉴。结果表明：从时间趋势来看,总体呈上升趋势,但稀土冶炼环节专利数量波动较大,稀土开采与精加工环节增长缓慢;从专利授权机构来看,江西理工大学、江西稀土金属钨业有限公司在采矿阶段专利授权量排名靠前,主要集中于矿产资源附近,而其他环节主要以日本、韩国和德国的机构为主;从专利授权机构合作网络来看,发现国外的公司与机构之间合作密切,而中国科研院所间缺乏协作;从热点技术领域来看,C22C59/00、C22C38/00、H01F/057、H01F41/02、B22F1/00等技术领域密度较大且处于核心位置。     

消费者参与制造企业产品创新的激励机制研究

文章应用实证研究方法,对消费者参与电子信息技术制造企业产品创新的激励因素进行分析,结果发现,消费者精神和情感需求的满足对其参与制造企业产品创新的激励作用最大,它不仅激励消费者参与产品功能和式样创新,还激励其参与产品创意创新和激励其投入更多的资源参与产品创新;消费者对产品个性化需求的满足对消费者参与产品功能和式样创新有激励作用;消费者对产品创新过程和结果控制感的需求满足对消费者参与产品创意创新和增加资源投入有激励作用。根据这些基本结论,提出了促进消费者参与产品创新的对策建议。     

DEVELOPING EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS OF INNOVATIONS: MICROECONOMETRIC EVIDENCE FROM TAIWAN

This paper aims to identify the effects of innovation on employment and labor composition in Taiwan. Using a new and detailed firm‐level data set, the empirical results determine that innovations, measured by R&D investments or patent counts, have a positive impact on employment. Both of the estimated employment effects of product and process innovations are overall significantly positive. Although the effects of process innovations differ between high and low R&D‐intensive industries, the process innovation tends to expand the firms’ output and then increase employment for high R&D‐intensive industries. However, it frequently results in laborsavings in terms of production work and reduces jobs in low R&D‐intensive industries. Moreover, technological innovations are found to be non‐neutral, leading to a shift in labor composition in favor of skilled and more educated workers.     

Endogenous Research and Development and Intellectual Property Laws in Developed and Emerging Economies

The incentive of providing protection of intellectual property has been analyzed both for an emerging economy and for a developed economy. The optimal patent length and the optimal patent breadth within a country are found to be positively related to each other for a fixed structure of laws abroad. Moreover, a country can respond to stronger patent protection abroad by weakening its patent protection under certain circumstances and by strengthening its patent protection under other circumstances. These results depend on the curvature of the research‐and‐development production function. Finally, we investigate the impact of an increase in the willingness to pay in the emerging economy and find conditions under which there is an improvement in both patent length and patent breadth in the emerging economy.     

专利在高新技术企业中的运用

专利制度在高新技术企业中发挥重要作用,既有利于促进高新技术企业技术创新,又有利于高新技术的商品化和市场化。但目前我国的高新技术企业在专利制度的运用与保护方面存在观念落后、信息不通畅、缺乏有利保护手段许多问题。应加强专利法制建设,建立、健全行政执法和司法系统。同时,企业应自身建立专利检索体系,加强对专利的保护和利用,以有利于高新技术企业在激烈的市场竞争中求生存、求发展。     

Pharmaceutical Patents: Incentives for Research and Development or Marketing?

We analyze how a patent‐holding pharmaceutical firm may strategically use advertising of existing drugs to affect research and development (R&D) investments in new (differentiated) drugs, and thereby affect the probability distribution of future market structures in the industry. Within a fairly general model framework, we derive exact conditions for advertising and R&D being substitute strategies for the incumbent firm and show that it may overinvest in advertising to reduce the incentive for an entrant to invest in R&D, thereby reducing the probability of a new product on the market. In a more specific setting of informative advertising, we show that such overinvestment incentives are always present and that more generous patent protection implies that a larger share of the patent rent is spent on marketing, relative to R&D.     

Intellectual Property Rights and Patenting in China＇s High-technology Industries： Does Ownership Matter？.

This paper aims to systematically investigate the impacts of strengthening intellectual property rights on patenting in China's high‐technology industries and to explore the potential differences in response to patent reform by ownership. Empirical results show that the estimated patent elasticity of R&D is lower than that for OECD countries, indicating relatively low R&D productivity for China's high‐technology industries. The direct innovation effect of technology imports is negative, while the absorptive ability embodied in R&D helps in gaining external sources of knowledge, thus contributing to innovations. Specifically, strengthening intellectual property rights can induce more innovations in terms of patents in China's high‐technology industries and is particularly relevant to foreign‐owned high‐technology enterprises.     

Evaluating inventive activity: the cost of nineteenth-century UK patents and the fallibility of renewal data

It has long been recognized that counting patents offers a poor gauge of the extent and value of inventive activity, not least because the quality of patented inventions varies enormously. The Schankerman-Pakes model provides a valuable alternative gauge that utilizes the data from renewal fees which are regularly paid to keep a patent in force. This article suggests, however, that the model's application to nineteenth-century UK patents may underestimate the value of Victorian inventive activity because many patentees lacked the financial resources to implement the rational choice that the model assumes. Focusing on steam-engineering patents, it explores further problems with renewal data and the increasing rate of lapsed applications.     

International patenting by Chinese residents: Constructing a database of Chinese foreign-oriented patent families

This paper analyzes Chinese patenting abroad by constructing a novel database of foreign-oriented patent families (1970–2012) and by distilling stylized facts about China's international patenting strategies. Patent families are a set of related patents filed in one or more foreign jurisdictions to protect the same invention. We find that by the turn of the century China emerged as major actor in terms of international patenting. Nonetheless, the share of Chinese patents which get filed abroad is still a fraction of patents filed at home; most patents abroad also only target one foreign country. Moreover, China's foreign patents are concentrated in a few technology fields and in a few firms, mostly the information technology sector. A shift is underway however to an increased proportion of filings abroad. The paper finds that the main drivers for this change are the desire to facilitate collaboration, to license IP, and to further the firm's reputation as true innovator.