西部产业结构调整与承接产业转移

一、西部产业结构调整的思路和方向 总体思路：立足比较优势,促进结构调整,转变发展方式．提升竞争能力。加强政府引导和政策支持。促进资源优势转化为产业优势和经济优势,逐步形成若干特色资源加工基地和优势产业发展基地。     

Prices and industrial transformation

Abstract

One of the contradictions of neo-classical economic theory concerns its view of relative prices. On the one hand it is relative prices that determine the market's equilibrium position and decide what transactions will take place. On the other hand, the pattern of relative prices, or expressed differently the price structure, has been regarded as more or less immutable. Variations in relative prices have been considered short-term phenomena, after which, in time, an adaptation has taken place which has restored the initial situation. The same line of thought was also held by Wesley Mitchell, who in the dispersion of relative prices found a reflection of business cycles, but he maintained that the price system is “yet stable in the essential balance of its interrelations”.¹ F.C. Mills cited Mitchell as his authority in his comprehensive work The Behavior of Prices, and although he felt compelled to raise objections to the inference that relative prices varied rhythmically with the business cycle, he still considered that there was a limit to change in relative prices, i.e. the price structure had a fundamental stability.²     

Counting the industrial revolution

In all my experience … I have found how insecure all details of mere figures are upon which to build an argument. … It is easy to add a little here, and subtract a little there; gently to slip in a figure, it may be a cypher, among your data; slyly to make what seems a reasonable postulate in your premises, but which turns out in the result to be a begging of the question-and behold you gain your point, and triumph, until it is found that your adversary, having access to the same stores of arithmetic, just proves his case and refutes yours with the same facility.'(Lord Brougham, 1849)²     

着力构建现代产业体系

近年来，我国产业结构不断调整优化，产业国际竞争力不断增强。站在新的历史起点上，面对经济全球化与国际产业分工的新格局，实现经济社会又好又快发展对产业结构优化升级提出了更高的要求。现代产业体系可以看作是产业在横向联系上具有均衡性和协调性，在纵向发展上形成完整的产业链，产业具备良好的制度素质、技术素质和劳动力素质，产业结构与消费结构之间形成良性互动，产业发展与资源、环境相协调，与国际产业发展相适应相衔接的产业链完整、优势集聚、竞争力强的产业系统，具有很强的创新性、开放性、协调性、适应性和可持续性等特征。     

Spinning the industrial revolution

The prevailing explanation for why the industrial revolution occurred first in Britain during the last quarter of the eighteenth century is Allen's ‘high wage economy’ view, which claims that the high cost of labour relative to capital and fuel incentivized innovation and the adoption of new techniques. This article presents new empirical evidence on hand spinning before the industrial revolution and demonstrates that there was no such ‘high wage economy’ in spinning, which was a leading sector of industrialization. We quantify the working lives of frequently ignored female and child spinners who were crucial to the British textile industry with evidence of productivity and wages from the late sixteenth to the early nineteenth century. Spinning emerges as a widespread, low‐productivity, low‐wage employment, in which wages did not rise substantially in advance of the introduction of the jenny and water frame. The motivation for mechanization must be sought elsewhere.     

Labour relations and industrial productivity

Abstract

Britain and Sweden have often been cited to illustrate the contrasting fortunes of post-War European economies. Britain seemed destined to struggle with bad labour relations and comparatively poor levels of output, whilst Sweden established a reputation as a model of corporatist management and high productivity.¹ The industrial turmoil of the 1970s swept Scandinavia as well as the U.K. and blurred this convenient contrast, but it was the dramatic improvement in the performance of British manufacturing in the 1980s which has forced us to reappraise the nature of ‘the British disease’. This improvement has been attributed by a number of writers to the changed climate of industrial relations, as many employers broke with the bad bargaining practices of earlier decades.² The power of the unions has been curtailed if not completely extinguished and resistance to new technologies has been overcome in many of the traditional strongholds of craft production. It seems logical to conclude that the defeat of the unions and the reform of industrial relations have been essential prerequisites of improved output.³ Yet the evidence is, at best, ambiguous. Current debates on productivity in Britain during the 1980s indicate the difficulty of measuring changes in contemporary output and the limits of the data available for such an exercise.⁴ The Swedish economy, and Scandinavia more generally, were historically successfully in combining a steady improvement in output with very high levels of trade unionism.⁵ It was able to sustain this progress during the 1970s and 1980s in the face of mounting pressures on the Swedish model. Established agreements were called into question by the outbreak of large scale strikes whilst dissatisfaction with central negotiations became apparent on the shop floor and in the board rooms of Swedish industry. Wage differentials increased whilst productivity improvements declined during the 1980s, particularly in the export industries. The trade unions were less attractive to manual workers in Sweden as well as Britain and in the opening months of the 1990 the Social Democrats were thrown into crisis by the resistance to their efforts to introduce austerity controls on labour. Sweden seemed to have belatedly arrived at the same impasse which British labour faced a decade earlier.     

太仓市产业布局研究

产业布局的目标是使产业分布合理化。文章基于太仓市1990—2017年发布的政策、发展历程、统计数据,对太仓市产业发展及其布局规律进行调查、剖析。结果显示,区域产业布局依赖于一定的自然、社会、经济条件。20世纪90年代,太仓制定了三大发展战略,使区域内逐渐集聚起各种先进的生产力要素,产业布局在发展中不断调整优化,形成了具有结构性布局及区域性布局特征的太仓特色产业布局模式。太仓市未来产业布局,将融入长三角一体化的发展战略,经济增长从数量增长阶段转向质量发展阶段。     

Strategic planning and industrial policy

The poor performance of British industry in international markets is partly due to a lack of sector strategic planning. Whereas the Thatcher government looks to an unfettering of the market mechanism as the key to industrial recovery, in fact this is contrary to the experience of several other capitalist countries. The role of banks and government agencies in Japan, of inter-firm co-operation in Italy, and of various corporatist instruments in France and Germany, suggest ways in which local enterprise boards could assist the re-structuring of manufacturing industry in Britain.     

The IPPR and industrial policy

Brunskill, I. 1990: The Regeneration Game: A Regional Approach to Regional Policy. IPPR, £7.50.

Miliband, D. 1990: Technology Transfer: Policies for Innovation. IPPR, £7.50.

IPPR 1991: Annual Report 1990-1991, no price stated.     

周世义：重塑产业园区价值 推进产业生态共聚

促进园区产业氛围的形成,围绕产业园区运营和企业后续服务做深耕,使企业在产业园区能够不断成长,才是一个园区成功的核心和关键,是园区的可持续发展之道。在新的市场环境下,产业园区的运营模式也发生了重大变化,越来越多的园区运营商都在强调"产业生态",北京经开作为较早提出低碳智慧园区概念的企业,在产业园区建设运营方面积累了较多经验。     

西部产业结构调整的理论误区与新产业发展观

在分析西部地区的具体实际基础上 ,文章认为 :目前西部产业结构调整和培育所采用的理论指导非常有害 ,主要体现在以下几方面 :认为西部资源禀赋好 ,因而应当发展与其资源相关的产业 ,而忽视资源禀赋的限制性 ;认为国际产业转移为欠发达地区的发展带来机遇 ,造成发展的盲目跟风 ;不顾地区发展的实际 ,认为产业结构越大越好、越全越好 ;受自由市场主义的蛊惑 ,造成经济资源不合理利用。为此必须建立新的产业发展观 ,这就是 :生态产业主义 +国家战略 (新型工业化 ) +市场经济 =可持续市场经济。     

Coordination failure in an industrial society

Summary Different macroeconomic theories of coordination failure are dealt with. Using simple models it is shown that externalities may lead to multiple Pareto-ranked equilibria or, under suitable assumptions, to a continuum of equilibria. It is argued that in industrial societies imperfect competition is predominant. Therefore, demand externalities may be the main cause of low level equilibria. Trading externalities and searching externalities may play a supplementary role. The theory of coordination failure is based on complete markets and price flexibility. Despite its strong appeal, it has certain shortcomings which are also discussed in the paper.I would like to thank S.K. Kuipers and A. van Schaik for their useful comments on an earlier version of this paper.     

产业投资基金令市场沸腾

在政府行政主导背景下,地方政府打着设立产业投资基金的旗号筹集发展资金。利欲熏心下,其根本没有市场化思维,更无法适应投资者,特别是一些机构投资者的投资需求。这不能不让人担心产业基金沦为地方政府操控“政绩投资”的工具