《税务与经济》2006年总目录

●本刊特稿●资本驾驭论/林炎志//3.1●税务研究●论长期股权投资财务决策的税务问题/曲晓辉//1·2税收政策对产业结构变迁的影响:需求角度的分析/李文//1·7我国宏观税收负担走势分析与政策选择/闻媛//1·12开发自主知识产权的企业与税收当局的博弈分析/彭锻炼//1·17我国出口     

投资开发活动中税收筹划问题的反思

企业在进行投资开发活动中,为了能够降低自己的生产成本,必须进行税收筹划。税收筹划就是指企业人通过对税收政策上的优惠充分进行使用,或者是采用不违反税法的办法来减轻自己的税负,从而降低自己的生产成本。但是企业在投资开发活动中进行税收筹划的时候,难免也会出现一些问题,下面本文就对企业投资开发活动中税收筹划所出现的问题进行分析,并相应的提出了几条税收筹划策略。     

企业研究开发费用税前扣除政策应对流程及措施探讨

<正>为提高企业技术创新能力、鼓励企业加大对无形资产的研发投入,我国税法对无形资产的研发与投资活动有一系列税收优惠和鼓励性规定。国家制定的中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要中,明确提出要把提高自主创新能力摆在全部科技工作的突出位置,研究开发费用加计扣除政策也将会作一项长期优惠政策发挥作用。企业应在熟悉研发费用税前扣除政策的基础上,积极应对,争取更多的税收优惠,提高企业经济效益。     

我国西部大开发税收政策评价及调整方向

本文在对西部大开发现有政策进行归纳总结和效果评价的基础上,认为税收政策对促进西部经济发展起到了重要支撑作用,但由于优惠政策存在结构性问题,使得西部地区企业税负较重的局面并未改变,政策促进效果不甚明显。建议进一步延长税收优惠时限,对税收优惠政策进行结构性调整,实行直接优惠和间接优惠并重的方式,并建立对关键区域、问题区域的特别税收优惠制度。     

谨防高科技产业发展中的"税收优惠陷阱"

为加强技术创新,世界各国都在税收上采取各种方式进行扶持。我国运用税式支出方式支持高新技术企业的发展,政府让渡了一部分收入,但是在实践过程中,掉入了“税收优惠陷阱”,因此,有必要对我国高新技术企业所享受的税收优惠进行调整。     

基于契约理论视角下的企业税收筹划研究——以企业与税收当局的博弈为例

税收是国家为实现其职能，凭借政治权利强制地、无偿地参与社会产品分配的一种方式。税收对纳税人来说是一种负担，纳税人为最大限度获得利润，会尽可能地减少税收负担，税收筹划正是减轻税收负担、增加税后收益的有效途径。有效税收筹划以“税后收益最大化为目标”，有效税收筹划要求筹划者必须考虑税收筹划对交易各方利益、隐性税收与非税成本。契约理论视角下要求企业必须考虑拟进行的交易对交易各方的税收含义。而税收当局是对企业有税收影响的最重要的契约方。分析契约理论及其在税收筹划中的应用，并以企业与对其有税收影响的最重要的交易方——税收当局的博弈为例进行分析，从而能够更深刻地理解契约理论在税收筹划中的应用。     

论企业科技创新中“试错”的税收宽容

企业科技创新失败是一个不可避免的问题,它严重地影响了企业自主创新的积极性,因此建立合理的企业科技创新"试错"的税收宽容政策已成为当务之急.而目前我国现行的支持企业科技创新的税收政策中,整体上缺乏对创新"试错"的税收宽容,税收优惠方式、优惠环节的确定也不尽合理.因而,应制定直接的企业科技创新"试错"的税收宽客法律法规,实行多样化的税收宽容政策,加大研发环节的优惠力度.     

税收优惠与创业绩效关系的实证研究--来自互联网创业企业的证据

本文通过理论模型推导税收优惠和创业绩效的潜在关系及影响机制,并使用北京、上海等8个城市的376家互联网企业的样本数据进行实证研究,研究结果表明:税收优惠是影响创业绩效的关键因素;税收优惠对企业的研发支出产生积极影响,享受的税收优惠越多,企业研发投入的积极性越高;研发占比和研发人员的幸福感在税收优惠和创业绩效之间起到调节作用。     

完善西部大开发税收优惠政策的思考

西部大开发税收优惠实施10年,西部地区经济水平有了快速发展,人民生活水平有了很大提高,但同时也存在许多问题,如期限太短、方式单一、税负不公平、优惠标准高、部分产业行业不合理享受优惠、管理漏洞等。2011年,是新一轮西部大开发战略的开局之年,总结和完善西部大开发税收优惠政策对于促进西部地区快速发展、缩小东西差距具有举足轻重的作用。因此,本文结合现阶段西部地区的实际情况,从政策的支持力度、优惠门槛、优惠面及配套设施等方面提出了西部大开发优惠政策在新起点上的调整和完善建议,以促进西部地区经济更加发展和进步,达到区域平衡和谐发展的目标。     

发达国家科技税收优惠政策的运用及启示

一、发达国家促进高新技术产业发展的税收政策取向 (一)对高新技术产业实施税收优惠政策的环节及方式 发达国家用于支持科技发展的税收优惠政策主要体现为事前扶持与事后鼓励,既重视科技开发,又重视将科研开发成果及时转化为现实的生产力。其具体做法主要有:一是税法规定对企业投入的研究开发经费给予优惠,开发企业和生产企业可按投资额的一定比例或全部抵缴所得税,如法国的《研究开发经费税     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Disclosure of government financial information and the cost of local government’s debt financing——Empirical evidence from provincial investment bonds for urban construction

China’s slowing economic growth and rapid urbanization have made local government debt financing a significant issue.This study uses a sample of China’s provinc...     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.