长江流域禁捕背景下的渔民转产上岸适应性研究 ——以洪泽湖渔民转产上岸为例

在长江禁捕政策的驱动下,各地为保护环境积极引导渔民转产上岸。从渔民视角出发,研究其对上岸的适应能力对于有关政策的制定和完善至关重要。基于洪泽湖渔民转产上岸的调查数据,构建渔民适应性评价指标体系,对渔民的适应能力进行实证研究。研究表明,渔民的整体适应能力一般,这在年龄较大和从业时间长的渔民中更为明显,而不同渔民在不同维度的适应性表现不一。提出利用当地资源优势,充分征求渔民意见,让渔民参与政策制定中,并从教育、培训等途径提高渔民自身素质等相关政策建议。     

长江退捕渔民转产就业政策：目标、进展与建议——基于长江禁捕典型省域的调查

当前,禁捕水域渔民退捕上岸已经完成,转产就业政策作为渔民退出捕捞权补偿体系的重要部分,是当下和未来的重点难点,对长江禁捕稳定持续和退捕渔民可持续生计具有重要意义。基于典型区域退捕渔民及其利益相关者调查分析,研究表明:转产就业政策目标是帮助渔民获取可持续的替代生计,防止退捕渔民"积贫返贫—生计压力—偷捕返捕—弱化禁捕",基本逻辑是通过政府承担转产就业成本以达成渔民稳定退捕这一具有生态外部性的集体行动。退捕渔民转产就业初步形成了"中央统筹-省负总责-县抓落实"的政策层级机制,地方政府是退捕渔民转产就业具体政策的制定者、实施者、改进者,市场主体也正逐步参与,实践探索形成了"四个一批"为主的转产就业模式。但部分地区仍面临着转产就业不充分、岗位层次较低、稳定性差等难题,这既有渔民生计资本低、博弈心理的内生因素,也有区域经济与资源禀赋约束、政策针对性不足的外部因素。未来,退捕渔民转产就业政策应长短结合、双重驱动,多元化就业模式增加岗位供给、针对渔民合理诉求提升转产就业精准性、优化政策制度形成稳定持续的激励机制。     

长江流域渔民转产转业工作 率先在赤水河起步

<正>2015年12月长江流域赤水河段捕捞渔民转产转业工作正式启动。实施捕捞渔民转产转业工作,既是破解长江流域水生生物资源严重衰退、水域生态环境持续恶化、生物多样性不断减少的生态困境的客观要求,也是解决长江渔民"下水无鱼,上岸无地"、生产生活日益艰难的生计问题的实际需要,更是破除"资源越捕越少,生态越捕越糟,渔民越捕越穷"恶性循环、推进流域生态文明建设、实现全面小康目标的根     

转产渔民采莲忙

正洪泽湖是我国南水北调东线工程的枢纽之一,拥有洪泽湖约40%水域面积的江苏省泗洪县有计划地逐年缩减湖面养蟹养鱼面积,在退养水域栽植荷藕、菱角、芡实等水生植物,沿湖乡镇组织渔民成立合作社对其进行管护经营,改善洪泽湖水域生态环境的同时,也保证了转产渔民的收入不减。     

江苏省洪泽区建立“渔法同行”法治宣传模式

<正>为使法治成为洪泽核心竞争力的重要标志,江苏省洪泽湖渔管会(渔政一大队)会同洪泽区法宣办联合建立"渔法同行"法治宣传模式,依法保护洪泽湖渔业生态环境,切实维护湖区渔业生产秩序。年初集中普法。利用每年1月1日-2月28日洪泽湖渔业许可证集中签证年审契机,发放《致渔民朋友的一封信》、《江苏省洪泽湖封湖禁渔通告》、《洪泽湖国家级水产种质资源保护区及省级禁渔区分布图》、设有渔业法律法规的渔政举报吊牌等宣传资料,内容涵盖《中华人民共和国渔业法》、《江苏省渔业管理条例》等     

上海淀山湖水源保护区渔民转产转业影响因素的实证分析

本文在进行分类抽样调查的基础上,运用二元选择Logit模型,分别从渔民个人因素和家庭因素两大方面10个因素对上海淀山湖地区渔民转产转业的影响因素进行实证分析.结果显示,这10个因素对渔民转产转业有不同程度的影响.其中,年龄和受教育程度与渔民转产转业成显著正相关,从事渔业的时间和渔业收入在家庭总收入中的比例与渔民转产转业成显著负相关.最后,根据这些结论提出了鼓励渔民转产转业的对策和建议.     

我国沿海渔民转产转业面临的困难与对策

为应对近海渔业资源衰退及中日、中韩、中越渔业协定的实施给我国沿海渔区经济可持续发展及社会安定所带来的不利影响,我国渔业主管部门于2001年制定和实施了沿海捕捞渔民转产转业政策。沿海省(区)相继制定和实施了渔民转产转业的规划和政策,并取得了阶段性成效。但从总体上看,渔民转产转业的任务依然繁重,尤其是渔民转产转业过程中还存在一些困难和亟需解决的问题。加快渔民转产转业,必须加大政策扶持力度、调整产业结构、加强渔港经济区建设和严格执法管理等。     

江西省鄱阳湖退捕渔民转产转业影响因素研究

2017年"中央1号文件"提出要"率先在长江流域水生生物保护区实现全面禁捕"。在此背景下,长江渔民的退捕问题日益得到重视,渔民的生存问题也成为了国家政府和业内学者关注的重点。本文通过对鄱阳湖地区的实地调研,分析长江退捕渔民转产转业的必要性,并且以SPSS22.0软件为分析工具,对问卷所得数据做了Logistic二元回归模型,得出影响渔民转产转业的主要因素:渔民年龄、渔船价值、2015年收入和住房面积。研究结果表明:在其他因素不变的情况下,渔民年龄更小、渔船价值更小、2015年收入更低、住房面积更大这四种状态会对渔民的转产转业意愿产生相同的作用,即渔民愿意转产转业的概率越大。因此提出要按照分类指导原则,制定转产转业政策,在政府的大力支持下,推动产业结构转型升级,加强就业培训,扶贫攻坚;同时健全渔船补偿制度,完善渔民的社会保障的意见建议。     

以船为家渔民上岸安居情况调查分析

调研组走访了安徽、广东两省以船为家渔民3个渔船停泊点和3个定居点,了解两省以船为家渔民基本情况。以船为家渔民作为一个特殊的弱势群体,居住环境恶劣,上岸安居意愿强烈,但由于经济收入低下、社会保障不全,难以依靠自身力量脱离"水上漂泊"的生活窘况。安徽、广东两省在推动以船为家渔民上岸安居工程方面有很多有益的尝试并取得了一些成绩,通过多方面筹集资金、统筹项目建设以及安置就业等工作妥善处理了部分以船为家渔民的上岸安居就业问题,但限于土地、资金、管理等问题,尚不能全面推动这一民生工程。基于此,调研组建议尽快出台政策意见,强化政府主导,多方筹措建设资金,集中解决用地指标,统筹兼顾安居乐业,全面推动上岸安居工程顺利开展。     

湖北洪湖市委书记邹太新调研渔民离湖上岸工作

<正>4月11日,洪湖市委书记邹太新冒雨深入湖区,调研渔民离湖上岸工作。市水产局、民政局、发改局等部门及新堤、滨湖、螺山等乡镇负责人陪同调研。洪湖是湖北省最大的淡水湖泊,水生动、植物尤为丰富,是国家重要的湿地自然保护区。近些年来,沿湖渔民拦湖围网,开发无序,造成洪湖水生资源枯竭,     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.