外商直接投资对中国商贸服务业产业安全的影响——基于面板联立方程模型

笔者依据2005年～2010年中国30个省、自治区和直辖市的省际面板数据,通过构建联立方程模型,从国内投资、产出及就业等视角来判断外商直接投资对中国商贸服务业产业安全的影响.研究表明,全国和东部地区外商直接投资对国内投资和就业产生挤出效应、对产出产生挤入效应;中部地区外商直接投资对国内投资和产出产生挤入效应、对就业产生挤出效应;西部地区外商直接对国内投资产生挤出效应、对产出和就业产生挤入效用.这说明外商直接投资在一定程度上会对中国商贸服务业产业安全构成威胁,但不同区域、不同视角的影响效果不同.     

外商直接投资"挤入"还是"挤出"了国内投资

本文构建了外商直接投资FDI对国内投资的绝对挤入挤出模型,由此修正了已有的相对挤入挤出模型存在的不严谨之处;并在此基础上讨论了FDI对我国国内投资的挤入、挤出影响。最终结论表明:在全国范围内,FDI对国内投资的挤入挤出效应不显著;而在我国东部地区则存在明显的挤出效应;在中部地区存在明显的挤入效应;在西部地区,FDI的挤出效应不显著。     

我国政府投资对民间投资的挤出(挤入)效应研究——基于区域差异视角的面板数据分析

笔者利用面板数据对我国东部、中部、西部三个不同地区的政府投资挤出(挤入)效应进行了研究。结论表明:东部地区政府投资挤入效应最明显,西部次之,而中部地区则最低。另外,民间投资除了受到政府投资的影响外,还受到经济波动、城市化率、基础设施水平、金融发展程度、城市的开放程度、市场化程度、合意的民间投资水平等其它因素的影响。     

FDI对“长三角”国内投资的挤入挤出效应分析

本文建立了衡量挤入挤出效应的数量模型,以1986-2006年我国长三角地区两省一市的FDI、全社会固定资产投资以及GDP的时间序列数据为基础,对FDI对长三角地区国内投资的挤入挤出效应进行了计量分析。结果表明：长三角两省一市FDI对国内投资均为挤入效应,江苏和浙江的挤入效应较显著。而上海则呈现出较弱的挤入效应。文章最后对实证结果进行了深入的分析,并提出了相应的建议。     

FDI对中国国内投资影响的实证分析

在开放条件下,FDI会对东道国国内投资产生强有力的影响,这种影响体现在FDI对东道国国内投资产生挤出效应或者挤入效应。本文对1987—2001年FDI对中国国内投资的影响进行了检验,结果表明:在最近的15年间,FDI对国内投资总体上存在显著的挤入效应;对大多数省份的投资也存在挤入效应,但在东部沿海省份挤出效应和中性效应则占一定的主导地位;FDI对不同地区投资的影响程度也存在明显的差异,呈现出由东向西渐次减弱的状态。     

我国政府支出和公共投资对私人投资的效应分析

首先采用Diamond模型对公共投资及各项政府支出对私人投资影响进行理论分析;然后利用1980~2005年间的数据,运用协整检验、单方程误差修正模型分析了我国政府支出和公共投资及各项政府支出对私人投资的长短期效应;经验结果表明无论从长期还是短期看政府支出挤出了私人投资而公共投资则挤入了私人投资,国防支出和行政管理支出在长期和短期都挤出了私人投资,社会文教支出长期挤入了私人投资,短期挤出了私人投资。     

我国公共投资对私人投资影响的经验分析

本文从理论上将公共投资对私人投资的各种效应进行重新梳理,并在此基础上运用向量自回归模型(VAR)和向量误差修正模型(VECM)有关我国公共投资对私人投资的影响进行了经验分析。结果表明,在长期内,我国公共投资与私人投资之间存在着惟一的长期稳定的均衡关系,并且公共投资对私人投资的综合效应表现为挤入效应。在短期内,公共投资对私人投资则具有挤出效应,并分析了这种挤出效应的主要作用机制。最后,本文根据上述分析提出相应的政策建议。     

外商直接投资对浙江省内投资的挤入效应研究

本文建立了衡量挤入、挤出效应的计量模型,利用模型定量地讨论了外商直接投资(FDI)对浙江省国内投资的挤入、挤出效应,得到了外商直接投资对浙江省内投资存在挤入效应的结论,并分析了产生挤入效应的原因.     

城镇化和制造业结构升级互动关系研究*——基于挤入挤出效应的考察

城镇化与制造业结构升级存在产业关联和资源配置竞争。协调推进城镇化和制造业结构升级,迫切需要识别两者的互动关系。不同于以往的研究思路,本文在对房地产投资、高技术产业投资进行挤入挤出理论分析的基础上,提出了城镇化与制造业产业结构的互动概念框架。基于此,本文采用联立方程实证策略,利用我国2002—2012年面板数据,运用3SLS方法展开分析。研究发现：土地偏向的城镇化进程中,房地产投资对高技术产业投资产生明显挤出效应,对传统产业产生了微弱挤入效应,城镇化对制造业升级有抑制作用;东部地区与全国整体情况一致,而中西部地区的房地产投资对传统产业投资也产生了挤出效应;以高技术投资表征的制造业结构升级微弱地促进了城镇化进程。     

FDI对国内投资的影响、挤出抑或挤入

文章基于加速方程构建了一个包括产业内FDI、上下游产业FDI的国内投资模型,有效地识别和区分了FDI对国内投资影响的产业间效应和产业内效应。理论分析表明,FDI产业间效应主要表现为对内资的挤入效应,而产业内效应主要表现为挤出效应,但也存在由于水平溢出而间接产生挤入效应的可能性;在此基础上利用2002年～2005年2位数制造业层面的Panel数据实证分析了我国FDI对内资的挤出(入)效应。基于国内总投资和分所有制类型的企业投资的实证结果基本符合理论预期。     

Public Investment in Transportation Infrastructure and Economic Performance in Portugal

In this paper, we use a VAR approach to investigate the effects of public investment in transportation infrastructures on private investment, employment, and output in Portugal. Estimation results suggest that public investment crowds in private investment and employment, and has a strong positive effect on output. We estimate that one euro in public investment increases output in the long‐term by 9.5 euros, which corresponds to a rate of return of 15.9%. These figures imply that there are strong long‐term budgetary benefits from public investment in the form of increased future tax revenues. A closer look at the effects of different types of public investment uncovers the same general patterns. These results are very important from a public policy perspective. They suggest that the strategy followed by the Portuguese authorities of investing in public infrastructures is justified, both from a long‐term development perspective and a long‐term public budgetary perspective.     

Public Capital Formation and Regional Development in Spain

This paper uses a vector autoregression (VAR) approach to evaluate the effects of public investment on private sector performance in Spain. Empirical results suggest that public investment positively affected private investment, employment, and output at both aggregate and regional levels. The regions that benefited the most from public investment in the last two decades were Cataluña, Madrid, and Pais Vasco. These regions are among the largest economic areas in the country and among the ones with the highest GDP per capita. Accordingly, public investment, while an important factor for aggregate economic growth, has also been a source of increasing regional asymmetries.     

EMPIRICAL IMPACT OF PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE ON THE JAPANESE ECONOMY*

We study the impact of public capital investment on individual sectors of the Japanese economy using time‐series data for the period of 1970–1998. We employ a production function approach and also estimate a dynamic VAR/ECM model. We find significant differences in the employment effects, output effects and private investment effects across sectors. Public capital investment has a positive effect on employment in the finance, insurance and real estate (FIRE), manufacturing, construction and utilities sectors; on private investment in the FIRE, agriculture, transportation, trade and services sectors; and on output in the mining, FIRE, trade and manufacturing sectors.     

Human capital, economic growth, and regional inequality in China

We show how regional growth patterns in China depend on regional differences in physical, human, and infrastructure capital as well as on differences in foreign direct investment (FDI) flows. We also evaluate the impact of market reforms, especially the reforms that followed Deng Xiaoping's “South Trip” in 1992 those that resulted from serious hardening of budget constraints of state enterprises around 1997. We find that FDI had a much larger effect on TFP growth before 1994 than after, and we attribute this to the encouragement of and increasing success of private and quasi-private enterprises. We find that human capital positively affects output and productivity growth in our cross-provincial study. Moreover, we find both direct and indirect effects of human capital on TFP growth. These impacts of education are more consistent than those found in cross-national studies. The direct effect is hypothesized to come from domestic innovation activities, while the indirect impact is a spillover effect of human capital on TFP growth. We conduct cost-benefit analysis of hypothetical investments in human capital and infrastructure. We find that, while investment in infrastructure generates higher returns in the developed, eastern regions than in the interior, investing in human capital generates slightly higher or comparable returns in the interior regions. We conclude that human capital investment in less-developed areas is justified on efficiency grounds and because it contributes to a reduction in regional inequality.     

Accounting for single and aggregated forest incomes: Application to public cork oak forests in Jerez (Spain) and Iteimia (Tunisia)

This study presents an applied improvement in the agroforestry accounting system (AAS) approach to two public cork oak forests in the Mediterranean region: Jerez (Spain) and Iteimia (Tunisia). Both forests have similar environments but differ in land property rights, labour markets and countries (developed and developing economy, respectively).The income analysis considers the differences between forest ownership, and household and landowner economic rationalities. In the case of Jerez, the public landowner has a right to exclude others from using the forest resources; community employment and natural resource conservation criteria determine Jerez's management. In the Iteimia case, the public landowner has regulated free-use rights for livestock grazing, firewood and crops so that local households can meet their needs and improve their income. Households operate by maximizing their income from the full employment of their own family workforce.The results show that Jerez's management generates negative commercial capital income for the public landowner, despite receiving significant public subsidies, while it maintains high internal forestry investment that generates additional local employment. Conversely, Iteimia produces positive commercial capital income for the public landowner and high household self-employed labour income per hectare.     

Is there a Laffer curve between aggregate output and public sector employment?

This paper develops a model of the relationship between public sector employment, total output and aggregate real demand in market prices, where public employment has a positive productivity effect on private output. Public employment crowds out private employment and output because its increase induces higher wages and taxes. The valuation of government output is also taken into account. While public employment affects total output and aggregate real demand in an a priori ambiguous way, numerical simulations suggest that the relationship may be nonlinear; positive, when public sector is “small” and negative, when it is “large”. Using the annual data from 22 OECD countries over the period 1960–1996 and estimating and testing for threshold models and more commonly used specifications with multiplicative interaction terms give support to this nonlinearity hypothesis between public employment and private sector output. First version received: October 1996/Final version received: April 2000     

The Effect of Inequality on Growth: Theory and Evidence from the Indian States

The paper examines the effect of inequality on growth among the subnational states in India. Theoretically, growth of the regional economy is driven by productive public investment in the provision of health and education services financed by a linear output tax, and the optimum tax rate is determined by the median voter. In contrast to existing results, the authors obtain an ambiguous relationship between initial inequality and subsequent economic growth. Analysis of the Indian state‐level data suggests that rural inequality influences growth of total output more than urban inequality, and does so negatively. The indicator of intersectoral inequality is more important in explaining sectoral output growth.     

Tax policy and investment demand: A vintage approach

The effects of changes intax incentives for investment are investigated for a putty-clay vintage model in which replacement is an economic decision without requiring static expectations or steady-state growth. It is shown that, with a Cobb-Douglas ex ante production function, the effect on output and its price is identical with that in a non-vintage model with the same parameters. The effect on investment and employment is to introduce a long-run cyclical element. Some simulations for UK manufacturing show that even the direction of the short-run effect on investment and employment can be different dates.     

DISCOUNT RATE FOR PUBLIC INVESTMENT IN A MONETARY DISEQUILIBRIUM ECONOMY*

In this paper, we explore the social rate of discount for public investment in a monetary overlapping generations model which allows for market disequilibria arising from price and wage rigidities. Financing public investment with a lump-sum tax on the younger generation, borrowing and money supply, the government maximizes the sum of generational utilities discounted by a social rate of time preference. For the social welfare optimum, it is required to take the boundary-maintaining policy by making demand for output equal to supply. In a stationary state, we show that (i) the social rate of discount on the Keynesian-repressed inflation boundary should be the weighted average of the social rate of time preference and the market rate of interest, the weights depending on the amount of private investment crowded out by public investment, and (ii) on the Keynesian-classical boundary it should be a modified version of the weighted average rule, containing an extra term which represents the marginal opportunity cost of public investment through its impact on labour employment.     

城乡公共福利差距的影响因素研究

长期以来,我国财政投入明显偏向城市的政策使城乡基本公共福利存在着巨大差距。随着我国国民经济的快速发展,国家经济实力的增强,农村公共福利供给有所改善,但城乡在教育、卫生医疗、社会保障、基础公共设施和就业服务等方面存在很大差距。目前,在我国公共福利分配主要由地方财政承担的前提下,区域经济发展不平衡、各地区财力大小的不同等因素是导致我国城乡公共福利差异的主要原因。