分析“社区营造”为导向对乡村旅游发展的推动作用

近年来,我国社会主义新农村、新型城镇的发展建设越来越成功,因此也促进了乡村休闲旅游与当地社区营造之间的关联度。一个地方的文化与其社区的营造是密不可分的,如何做到将社区营造的更具特色从而促进乡村旅游事业的发展是社区营造过程中需要面对以及解决的问题。发展过程中政府的积极组织并为其创造良好的制度原则,乡村社区要积极配合开展旅游事业的发展,将地方的旅游事业体系完善从而提高当地旅游服务质量,本文将从"社区营造"的角度分析如何更好的开展乡村旅游事业。     

经济管理专业服务边疆民族地区经济发展分析

地方高校如何有效的为地方经济社会发展服务,成为我国高校和政府关注的热点问题。随着新一轮沿边对外开放开发、兴边富农行动全面实施,边疆民族地区迎来了发展的最佳时期,与此同时赋予当地地方高校服务当地经济发展的任务突显。从经济学角度探讨边疆民族地区紧缺的经济管理专业服务当地经济发展路径,试图为民族地区高校服务地方经济发展提供一条特色有效的发展之路。     

工业园区引资竞争中地方政府策略选择与调整

我国的工业园区大多属于政府主导型的开发模式。此种发展模式往往使得地方政府通过财政优惠措施吸引企业入驻本地的工业园区从而促进当地的经济发展。通过一个博弈模型分析了地方政府通过财政优惠措施吸引企业的内在原因,指出财政优惠政策的局限性,提出应重视工业园区的产业定位,并提高工业园区企业与市场对接的能力。     

地方政府在招商引资过程中的角色定位研究

随着我国市场经济的深入发展以及对外开放的逐渐深化,招商引资逐渐成为我国经济发展中的主流方式。各个地区都凭借自己的区位、资源等优势,开发了与当地特色产业相关联的各种项目,并通过招商引资这种方式赢得了充足的发展资金,为当地以及整个国家的社会经济发展提供了帮助。在整个招商引资的过程中,地方政府需要承担引导者角色。     

国内旅游产业园研究综述

据陈南江对我国旅游产品开发的总结,我国旅游产品的开发已经走过了景区景点阶段,进入了度假村度假区阶段和旅游小镇旅游社区阶段,未来我国旅游产品开发有望走向旅游产业园的发展阶段。旅游产业园是在产业融合和产业集群基础上发展而来,在我国尚是一个新的研究领域。本文通过对在我国学术期刊上公开发表的以"旅游产业园"为主题的文献进行综述,分析探讨了旅游产业园的概念、主题旅游产业园的研究、旅游产业园开发对策等。基于此,在目前我国旅游产业园实践发展先于理论发展的客观现实基础上指出我国旅游产业园研究的空白,并提出未来我国旅游产业园研究的方向。     

地方政府收入支出结构的实证分析——以福、厦、漳、泉为例

地方政府收入与支出结构与当地经济之间具有非常密切的关系,文章运用计量经济学方法,对我国地方政府(以福州、厦门、泉州、漳州为例)的收入与支出结构中的有关问题进行了实证分析。结果表明:我国地方政府收入支出结构与当地经济发展有非常明显的相关关系,而且,地方政府应充分合理管理地方收入与支出,使地方资金达到最有效的利用程度。     

地方政府平台融资渠道和风险控制

近年来地方政府投融资平台迅速发展,地方政府平台融资对推动当地经济发展起到重要作用。本文介绍了我国地方政府平台融资的渠道并对平台融资中存在的风险进行分析,最后提出了几点切实可行的风险控制建议。     

如何走出小城镇土地开发建设的困境

小城镇在土地开发过程中的困境表现为短期利益与长期利益,地方政府、开发商与当地居民的矛盾。这些因素导致实践中城镇规划滞后甚至无效,使得土地资源未得到合理配置,城镇发展逐渐偏离经济、社会、环境可持续发展的轨道。本文从地方政府、开发商及当地居民的博弈关系出发,分析了出现该困境的原因,并以期探索出一条有效实施规划、兼顾三方利益的政策之路。     

民族地区社区参与型旅游反贫困的研究——以张家界武陵源区为例

张家界武陵源区经济发展主要依托于当地旅游业的发展,在很大程度上改善了当地居民的贫困问题。而社区参与旅游发展是旅游业可持续发展的不可缺少的因素,张家界武陵源区社区参与旅游存在社区参与的保障机制不健全、政府与社区居民的沟通存在障碍、居民社区参与程度低、参与范围不广等一系列问题,将影响当地旅游的发展。本文以武陵源区社区参与旅游反贫困的意义、存在的问题以及应对措施为思路展开分析。     

试论地方美食在旅游中的价值及其开发

饮食文化一直是旅游资源的重要组成部分,对旅游产业发展具有重大意义。中国地方美食经过历史的积淀具有丰富的文化内涵,地方美食文化的开发对于形成地方旅游特色和独特旅游吸引力并推动当地经济社会发展具有重要意义。由于观念错误导致地方美食文化并没有很好的开发,还存在模仿、篡改、劣质等众多问题。因此,通过加强整体规划,突出政府引导作用,并注重营销宣传等手段实现地方美食文化科学开发是很有必要的。     

Mining, Corporate Social Responsibility and the "Community": The Case of Rio Tinto, Richards Bay Minerals and the Mbonambi

Mining companies have long had a questionable reputation for social responsibility, especially in developing countries. In recent years, mining companies operating in developing countries have come under increased pressure as opponents have placed them under greater public scrutiny. Mining companies have responded by developing global corporate social responsibility strategies as part of their larger global business strategies. In these strategies, a prominent place is given to their relationship with local communities. For business ethics, one basic issue is whether such an approach to corporate responsibility is likely to effectively address the development concerns of local communities in developing countries. This paper addresses this question by investigating how the corporate social responsibility agenda of a major minor company has been implemented by one of its subsidiaries in South Africa.     

Impact of the Community Reinvestment Act on New Business Start‐Ups and Economic Growth in Local Markets*

Economic growth in the United States has historically bypassed many minorities and low‐income communities. Some researchers and community advocates assert that the deterioration of these communities is in part caused by financial institutions' redlining and neglect. To rectify the situation, the government introduced the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) for the purpose of encouraging banks and saving institutions to become more socially responsible and help meet the credit needs of communities in which they are located. The CRA was the government's response to bank lending discrimination. However, when passing the Act, Congress was equally concerned with reversing or at least halting disinvestment from inner‐city communities and in turn revitalizing local economies. Many believe that the availability of credit to establish, refinance, and improve small businesses is critical to the well‐being of local communities. Therefore, through the provision of small business loans, the CRA could be envisioned as a catalyst toward achieving that goal. Thus the aim of this paper is to investigate potential relationship between banks' CRA lending activities, and new business start‐ups and economic growth in local markets. The paper proposes that new start‐ups will have spillover effects that will consequently contribute to community development. After controlling for several potential variables that could have an impact on business start‐ups and community developments, the study found a strong positive effect. Beside its social and economic implications, the study also considered policy implications associated with the CRA regulation as a welfare improving initiative in low‐income communities. It offers ground for certain government intervention in the loan market.     

Crime,community social capital and entrepreneurship: Evidence from Australian communities

Crime is an anti-social blight on communities that increases the cost of doing business, including for entrepreneurs. Drawing on Australian longitudinal data, this study examines the links between crime rates and the propensity for entrepreneurship within communities. We do so by matching propensity for entrepreneurship with types of crime found at the community level where crime occurs. We find that higher total crime rates, crimes against the person and property crime, significantly lower the propensity for entrepreneurship in communities. We also show that the core facets of community social capital – trust, membership in voluntary organizations and support and cooperation – mediate this relationship.Executive summaryWe comprehensively examine whether higher community crime rates – crime on people and crime on property – cause lower rates of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship research extensively examines how gaining social capital, defined as the social resources one gains within one's community, promotes entrepreneurship. This study considers whether a pervasive community dynamic in crime impedes entrepreneurship. Specifically, we show that the two main kinds of crime – people and property – inhibit entrepreneurship.We show the facets of community social capital that mediate the relationship between crime and entrepreneurship. We inform the role of community-based social capital in promoting entrepreneurship (Kwon et al., 2013) by considering how higher crime lowers social capital and in turn entrepreneurship. We show that core facets of relational social capital – trust, voluntary membership in community bodies, support, and cooperation – mediate the relationship between crime and entrepreneurship. Likewise, communities with more robust reserves of social capital are better able to withstand crime and promote entrepreneurship.Examining the link between crime and entrepreneurship allows us to contribute to the literature on entrepreneurship and social capital. We discuss the various ways in which crime diminishes social capital to shape entrepreneurship. In our framework that is predicated on theory on community social capital, crime creates distrust because it causes citizens to be wearier and more suspicious of each other, impeding sharing of ideas and knowledge for ventures. Crime impedes the efficacy and membership of community-based organizations that allow entrepreneurs to network. Crime reduces the support available for founders to start and sustain businesses in focal communities, as individuals seek opportunities and resources outside their communities. Crime diminishes the extent to which people take pride in and identify with their communities, as evidenced by voluntary membership in community organizations. Crime reduces collaboration because it leads to self-protective behaviors, including flight from high-crime communities, that hinder norms of reciprocity. Crime reduces cooperation as criminals are more likely to resort to coercion, as enforced by monitoring and violence, to solve business problems.Findings rely on a comprehensive database of crime rates across Australian postcodes. Crime is typically a localized phenomenon – it affects business outcomes in local communities. We obtain community-level crime rates from each Australian state and territory police force or relevant government agencies and match these data with entrepreneurship rates by postcode. Our primary identification strategy follows Dustmann and Fasani (2016), who estimate the effect of local area crime on mental health in the United Kingdom (UK). This identification strategy removes the effects of residential sorting and correlates crime with time-varying unobserved entrepreneurship determinants if there is no endogenous migration from local crime. The main findings are robust to instrumenting for local area crime to which movers are exposed and for historical abortion rates in the state or territory where the individual lives, as well as a number of other approaches to obtaining causal inference.The article holds considerable practical relevance for policymakers seeking to promote community entrepreneurship. Our study is highly relevant to community leaders and policymakers working to boost local entrepreneurship. Findings strongly suggest that efforts to reduce crime are a primary mechanism to protect social capital within communities and, therefore, entrepreneurship. Policy initiatives dedicated to creating and expanding social ventures would a) boost entrepreneurship and social capital and b) mitigate the detrimental effects of crime on entrepreneurship (Wry and York, 2017).     

Socially Responsible Processes of Small Family Business Owners: Exploratory Evidence from the National Family Business Survey

The purpose of this exploratory study is to ascertain the impact of family, business, and community factors on the socially responsible processes of small family businesses, and investigate the influence of financial success and attitudes toward community on these processes. The research is grounded in the Sustainable Family Business Theory, which has been enhanced to include the interactive and collaborative action, both economically and socially, of family businesses and their communities. Data are from the National Family Business Survey, 2000 panel. The processes studied include interpersonal transactions in the form of community leadership and holding an elected or appointed office, and resource transactions in the form of providing financial or technical assistance in community development, and providing donations to local programs. Models assessed the probability and intensity of assistance provided by family businesses. The findings indicate that the social and economic climate of the community may contribute to the performance of responsible actions by businesses because human, social and financial capital resources from both the family and the business can be used to solve problems in the community. The most robust result was that individuals with very positive attitudes about their local communities were more likely to serve in leadership positions and make financial and technical contributions to the community. Business owners in economically vulnerable communities were willing to assume more responsibility to fill leadership positions in the community and make substantial contributions of financial and technical assistance than those in less vulnerable communities. Policymakers must recognize the many contributions of family businesses and forge rural developmentpolicies that not only help sustain existing businesses and fuel the engine of economic growth, but encourage human capital development, and, in turn, enhance the contributions of the family and the business to their community.     

Seaside tourism in Europe: Business,urban and comparative history

This article explores aspects of the relationship between business history and urban history through a discussion of the seaside resort as a type of town that might also be regarded as a business (as might other kinds of town specialising in leisure and tourism). In the process it looks comparatively at aspects of the development of such towns across Europe, at the range of ways in which an understanding of seaside tourism contributes to a more satisfactory grasp of how businesses and societies function, and at the reasons for the enduringly marginal status of research in this sector and its limited integration into the perceived ‘mainstream' of all kinds of history, including business history.     

基于层次模型的消费者生成内容动机研究

随着W eb2.0技术的发展,越来越多的消费者参与网络社区或平台生成各种各样的内容,但是理论界对于消费者生成内容的动机了解还不够全面。本文在借鉴动机理论研究成果的基础上,构建了消费者生成内容动机的层次模型,并以层次模型为基础,对现代企业构建参与式商务模式提出了几点建议。     

循环经济下兴凯湖旅游度假区可持续发展策略

随着旅游产业的迅速发展,资源破坏与环境污染越来越严重。围绕循环经济下鸡西兴凯湖旅游度假区的可持续发展进行论述,分析了兴凯湖旅游度假区管理部门主体多,景区环境遭到破坏,基础设施落后等问题,并从政府、社会、企业等多方面提出以循环经济的减排原则为指导思想,制定发展规划,行政部门加强沟通合作,政府建立可持续发展管理体系等解决策略。     

Multinational Corporations and Local Communities: A Critical Analysis of Conflict

As conflict between multinational corporations and local communities escalates, scholars, executives, activists, and community leaders are calling for companies to become more accountable for the impact of their activities on external stakeholders. In order for business to do so, managers must first understand the causes of conflict with local communities, and communities must understand what courses of action are available to challenge activities they deem harmful to their interests. In this article, I present a framework for examining the factors that contribute to multinational and community conflict including stakeholder power inequality, stakeholder perception gaps and cultural context. Moreover, I describe some of the ways that communities can increase their leverage in conflict situations.     

The Social Responsibilities of International Business Firms in Developing Areas

Three principles must be taken into account in assessing the social responsibilities of international business firms in developing areas. The first is an awareness of the historical and institutional dynamics of local communities. This influences the type and range of responsibilities the firm can be expected to assume; it also reveals the limitations of any universal codes of conduct. The second is the necessity of non-intimidating communication with local constituencies. This requires the firm to temper its power and influence by recognizing and responding to local concerns in the pursuit of its own objectives. The third is the degree to which the firm’s operations safeguard and indeed improve the social and economic assets of local communities. At issue is the question of adequate compensation for the inevitable disruptions that an international business brings to a local community. Beneficial returns must be shared and sustained over the long term in an equitable manner. The nine studies in this special edition illustrate in different ways the importance of these three principles. Joseph Smucker is Professor Emeritus, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Concordia University, Montreal. His research publications are in the areas of industrialization, labor markets, labor market policies, and models of economic development. Frederick Bird holds a Research Chair in Comparative Ethics at Concordia University, Montreal. He is the author of The Muted Conscience: Moral Silence and the Practice of Ethics in Business (1996), and has co-edited three volumes of essays on international business ethics: International Businesses and the Challenges of Poverty in the Developing World (2004), International Business and the Dilemmas of Development (2005), and Just Business Practices in a Diverse and Developing World 2006).     

Is Confucianism Good for Business Ethics in China?

This article examines whether and to what extent Confucianism as a resilient Chinese cultural tradition can be used as a sound basis of business practice and management model for Chinese corporations in the twenty-first century. Using the core elements of Confucianism, the article constructs a notion of a Confucian Firm with its concepts of the moral person (Junzi), core human morality (ren, yi, li) and relationships (guanxi), as well as benign social structure (harmony), articulated in corporate and organizational terms. The basic character of the Confucian Firm is described, and its philosophical and cultural foundation is critically assessed with respect to its moral legitimacy and relevant to today’s China. China’s recent Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) development is a high profile response to global business ethics concerns. Efforts have been made to emulate and develop good business practice fashioned in CSR norms and visions. The so-called “human-based” and “virtue-based” business practices rooted in local cultural heritage have been touted as a Chinese response to this problem. This investigation is particularly relevant in the context of the increasingly prominence of the Chinese corporations (China Inc.) in the wake of the rise of China as a global power. How relevant is Confucianism to the building of a modern Chinese corporation that is willing and able to practice reasonable norms of business ethics? The findings of this discussion, which include the organizational implications of the Confucian familial collectivism, have implications for other Chinese communities (Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore) where Confucian tradition is endorsed and practiced.