有限风险再保险合同及监管

有限风险再保险作为一种新型风险管理工具越来越受到人们的关注,由于其特有的业务特点,如何对其监管成为值得研究的问题.文章通过对有限风险再保险业务定义及特征的探讨,着重研究如何以判定有限风险再保险的合同性质为核心来实现对其的监管,并在借鉴国际经验基础上,对我国有限风险再保险监管提出了具体监管建议,主要包括建立有限风险再保险合同性质的判断标准、建立差异化的会计处理原则、加强信息披露及修订相关会计准则、信息披露规范及公司治理相关政策法规等,以更好地支持对有限风险再保险业务的监管.     

再保险合同准则实施对保险行业的影响分析

本文通过对再保险合同准则与《金融企业会计制度》、国际财务报告准则进行比较研究，探索再保险合同准则对规范国内保险行业会计核算的促进作用，同时指出我国再保险合同准则存在的不足之处，并对保险公司实施该准则提出一些建议。     

再保险合同准则实施对保险行业的影响分析

本文通过对再保险合同准则与《金融企业会计制度》、国际财务报告准则进行比较研究,探索再保险合同准则对规范国内保险行业会计核算的促进作用,同时指出我国再保险合同准则存在的不足之处,并对保险公司实施该准则提出一些建议。     

国外财务再保险会计对我国的启示

财务再保险作为一种非传统的风险转移方式,常被保险公司作为优化会计报表财务安排或金融工具。目前我国缺乏关于财务再保险的企业会计准则,会给一些滥用财务再保险的保险公司以可趁之机。因此,必须对我国财务再保险会计处理进行研究。本文在介绍国外财务再保险会计确认和会计处理的基础上,结合我国具体情况,对规范我国财务再保险的会计处理提出了政策建议。     

中国企业奏响和谐社会的强音

再保险是为保险公司分散风险的一种制度安排，人称“保险的保险”。我国再保险业务的发展晚于直接保险业务，再保险(集团)公司都坚持发展这个硬道理，从经济发展和保险市场实际情况出发，面向市场，创新体制、创新管理、创新服务，执著地探索一条适合中国国情的民族再保险业健康发展之路。     

业界声音

保监会主席吴定富在中再集团调研时强调，在新的形势下要高度重视再保险的功能，从注重运用再保险的手段引导保险公司坚持理性经营和调整业务结构，促进原保险市场与再保险市场协调发展。     

对偶效用下的保费原理与保险公司再保险需求

本文利用对偶效用理论下的保费原理，从理论上研究了保险公司的再保险需求问题，给出了一般原则下的再保险需求条件，针对比例再保险及停止损失再保险给予了具体的研究。作为应用例子，本文分别对损失服从两点分布、指数分布、Pareto分布进行了更细致的研究。     

我国再保险市场现状研究与平台化发展的建议

目前,我国再保险市场虽然体量大,但仍处于起步阶段,其发展面临着诸多机遇和挑战:一方面国家政策逐步完善,保险市场高速发展;另一方面国内对再保险重要性认识不足,监管体系还有待完善。在这种情况下,我国再保险行业想要在国际上有所进步,实现弯道超越,就不能仅仅以传统模式来逐步发展。近年来再保险市场呈现平台化发展趋势,即通过区块链等技术来搭建大型再保险平台生态系统。     

再保险对破产概率的影响

本文研究了古典风险模型中再保险对调整系数或破产概率的影响,对两种特殊的索赔分布：均匀分布与指数分布,分别讨论了使调整系数最大或使破产概率最小的最优自留水平．说明了当初始准备金较大时,选择使调整系数最大的自留水平近似等价于使破产概率最小的自留水平。 一、模型简介 在古典风险模型中,保险公司通过多种再保险方式达到分散风险的目的,风险的分散可以定量地用破产概率的减小来度量。破产概率是用来评价保险公司综合偿付能力的合适度量。再保险后的破产概率变小,意味着再保险的效果较好。 古典的风险模型中,保险公司在时刻…     

国内外农业再保险中政府行为的比较

农业保险是一种准公共产品,美国、法国、日本及亚洲的一些农业保险发达的国家,都有一套行之有效的农业再保险运行模式。我国农业再保险的健康运作也同样需要政府政策的支持。政府要加快农业再保险的法律法规建设,建立农业再保险基金,成立农业再保险公司。     

Optimal investment and reinsurance policies for an insurer with ambiguity aversion

In this paper, we study the optimal investment and reinsurance problem for an insurer based on the variance premium principle, in which three cases are considered. First, we assume that the financial market does not exist. The insurer only holds an insurance business, and the optimal reinsurance problem is studied. Subsequently, we assume that there exists a financial market with an accurately modeled risky asset. The optimal investment and reinsurance problem is investigated under these conditions. Finally, we consider the general case in which the insurer is concerned about the model ambiguity of both the insurance market and the financial market. In all three cases, the value function is set to maximize the expected utility of terminal wealth. By employing the dynamic programming principle, we derive the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equations, which are satisfied by the value functions and obtain closed-form solutions for optimal reinsurance and investment policies and the value functions in all three cases. Most interestingly, we elucidate how investment improves the insurer’s utility and find that the existence of ambiguity can significantly affect the optimal policies and value functions. We also compare the ambiguities in the two markets and find that ambiguity in the insurance market has much more significant impact on the value function than the ambiguity in the financial market. It implies that it is more valuable for insurer to precisely evaluate the insurance risk. We also provide some numerical examples and economic explanations to illustrate our results.     

Equilibrium mean–variance reinsurance and investment strategies for a general insurance company under smooth ambiguity

This work investigates the equilibrium investment and reinsurance strategies for a general insurance company under smooth ambiguity. The general insurance company holds shares of an insurance company and a reinsurance company. The claims of the insurer follow a compound Poisson process. The insurer can divide part of the insurance risk to the reinsurer. Besides, the insurer and reinsurer both participate in the financial market and invest in cash and stock. However, the general insurance company is ambiguous about the insurance and financial risks and is an ambiguity-averse manager (AAM). The uncertainties over the insurance and financial risks are described by second-order distributions. The AAM aims to maximize the average performance of the weighted sum surplus process of the insurer and reinsurer under the mean–variance criterion and smooth ambiguity. We present the extended Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) system for the optimization problem combining the mean–variance criterion and smooth ambiguity. In the case that the second-order distributions are Gaussian, we obtain the closed-forms of the equilibrium reinsurance and investment strategies. At the end of this work, sensitivity analyses are presented to show the economic behaviors of the AAM.     

具有奖励机制与再保险安排的最优保险合约设计

在保险合约中引入奖励机制可以使投保人动态参与到保险合约中,赋予了投保人在面对索赔事件时是否执行索赔的可选择权,改变了传统保险合约中投保人执行索赔的单一权利,但却增加了保险人潜在的流动性风险。保险合约中再保险的安排则可以对冲由于奖励机制产生的潜在流动性风险,进一步分散保险人的风险,有助于保险人稳健经营。基于此,通过建立具有红利奖励机制与再保险安排的最优保险合约设计模型,最终求解得到最优保险合约是具有最优免赔额形式的保险合约。利用算例研究方法进行建模,研究结果显示,最优保险合约中的最优免赔额与奖励机制中的红利奖励之间具有正向关系,保费、自留额与最优免赔额之间则存在着显著的负向关系。     

Contingent factors of the coinsurance function of internal capital markets: Evidence from the US nonlife insurance industry

By analyzing intragroup reinsurance activities in the US nonlife insurance sector from 1999 to 2016, we provide evidence that the coinsurance function of internal capital markets is contingent on internal capital providers’ financial resources and the relative sizes of capital receivers within the group. We demonstrate that insurance groups commonly use intragroup reinsurance (a substitute for capital) to support insurers that sustain underwriting losses. Larger insurers are more likely to obtain internal reinsurance if their affiliated insurers hold more financial resources. Our findings show that the financial capabilities of group members providing support affect the feasibility of the coinsurance function through the activities of internal capital markets. Group members with greater influence are more likely to benefit from the coinsurance function.     

寿险公司盈余管理研究——基于业务特性驱动视角

寿险公司业务经营具有跨期均衡性、资金融通性、偿付能力充足性三大特性。受业务特性驱动,寿险公司盈余管理策略具有独特性,这些策略主要包括再保险交易、保险准备金提取、金融资产分类和计量。合理适度的盈余管理有利于维护寿险公司和保险市场的稳定发展。     

Time-consistent investment and reinsurance strategies for insurers under multi-period mean-variance formulation with generalized correlated returns

The existing literature on investment and reinsurance is limited to the study of continuous-time problems, while discrete-time problems are always ignored by researchers. In this study, we first discuss a multi-period investment and reinsurance optimization problem under the classical mean-variance framework. When the asset returns with a serially correlated structure, the time-consistent investment and reinsurance strategies are acquired via backward induction. In addition, we propose an alternative time-consistent mean-variance optimization model that contrasts with the classical mean-variance model, and the corresponding optimal strategy and value function are also derived. We find that the investment and reinsurance strategies are both independent of the current wealth for the above two optimization problems, which coincides with the conclusion presented in the continuous-time problems. Most importantly, the above investment strategies with serially correlated structures are both conditional mean-based strategies, rather than unconditional ones. Finally, we compare the investment and reinsurance strategies suggested above based on the simulation approach, to shed light on which investment-reinsurance strategies are more suitable for insurers.     

德国的再保险监管方式及其借鉴意义

近两年来，德国在对再保险业实行间接监管模式的基础上逐步引进了直接监管，形成了综合运用间接监管和直接监管的新的再保险监管模式。由于我国的再保险业及其监管相对落后，所以我国保险业应借鉴德国再保险业的先进经验，并结合当前保险市场发展的实际，尽快建立和健全再保险监管体系。     

Cost efficiency of insurance firms in Ghana

The huge infrastructural deficit in Africa requires the establishment of an efficient insurance industry in the pursuance of economic development. Unfortunately, global statistics reveal low patronage of insurance in developing countries, thus making its impact limited in the region. To position the industry for economic development, this study utilizes the stochastic frontier technique to undertake a thorough analysis on the cost efficiency of insurers from the perspective of developing economies using Ghana as a case study. The results on the 30 insurers studied from 2005 to 2014 indicate that insurers in Ghana operate with about 53.8% average cost inefficiency. This stands to confirm the long existed low performance perception of Ghanaians about the industry. Factors identified to explain the cost inefficiencies were firm size, market share, capitalization, reinsurance, regulation, and business type. Several policy recommendations that can help boost the cost efficiency of insurers were derived from the results.