The 21st-century Nation-State in an Era of Globalization

It is generally acknowledged that the mainstream of the world today is peace and development. And the current global trend is economic globalisatlon, political multi-polarization and cultural pluralism all of which result in the regional integration. Economic globalisatlon, the most significant feature in the 21st-century, has a substantial impact on the modem state, Undoubtedly, globalisation has become the impetus of the progress of the human society. However, the contemporary state is inevitably faced with severe challenges from the increasing globaliAatlon, The state sovereignty has been gradually eroded as a result of the globulized economy. This essay intends to clarify the economic, polhleal and cultural changes of contemporary state sovereignty in the globalized world. Then, main similarities and differences between modern state and traditional state will be analyzed in a detailed way based on these three main aspects.     

Dealing with class: orthodox public discourse and Australian trade unionism

The purpose of this article is to identify and explain some of the processes by which alignments of language, power and knowledge, and their concrete manifestations, are transformed. This theoretical discussion is then applied to the history of Australian trade unions from the late nineteenth century, in order to gain an understanding of the process that led to the development of the Australian system of arbitration and conciliation. The article also includes the argument that the role played by trade unions within the Australian social world has been substantially configured in keeping with the discursive limitations of this system.     

面向二十一世纪的日俄木材贸易--兼论中国的作用

本文分析和研究了2000年以后日俄木材贸易的基本特征和发展前景，指出中国将在二十一世纪的日俄木材贸易中发挥举足轻重的作用。     

环境贸易壁垒与我国可持续贸易发展战略

环境贸易壁垒是当代国际贸易中一种新型而又广泛的非关税贸易壁垒，并广泛地影响着我国农产品、纺织品、机电产品、玩具、医药产品等的出口。为了推动我国对外贸易的可持续发展，政府要树立环保观念，发展环保产业，培育环保企业，把握国际环保动态，打破环境贸易壁垒；企业本身应树立可持续贸易战略观念，实行“清洁生产”，优化贸易商品结构，开发生态环保产品，实施环境营销策略，推行ISO14001环境管理体系。     

提高新世纪天津外贸发展水平的思考

党的十六大报告对我国的对外开放工作提出了新的要求,即要坚持“引进来”和“走出去”相结合,全面提高对外开放的水平。中国加入世贸组织后,外贸经营环境正在发生深刻变化。如何提高天津外贸发展的层次和水平,并通过外贸的发展促进和带动经济发展、产业结构升级和增加就业,是一     

The trade depressing and trade diversion effects of antidumping actions: The case of China

China is by far the main target of antidumping (AD) litigation for most of its major trading partners. Recently, however, China itself has started using AD instrument intensively and was, in fact, the third leading country in initiating AD investigations between 2002 and 2004. This paper empirically investigates the impact of China's AD activities on trade by employing the system GMM estimator. The empirical results show that AD protection has significant trade depressing and trade diversion effects. These findings are consistent with Prusa [Prusa, T.A., 2001. On the Spread and Impact of Antidumping, Canadian Journal of Economics 34, 591–611.] and Brenton [Brenton, P., 2001. Anti-dumping policies in the EU and trade diversion, European Journal of Political Economy 17, 593–607] that investigate the trade effects of AD actions in the US and EU, respectively.     

The theory of optimum currency areas,trade adjustment,and trade

This article seeks to provide a closer integration of the theory of optimum currency areas with the theory of international trade. A currency area is treated as a continuous variable ranging from zero to one: zero if there is no enlargement, and some positive value otherwise, corresponding exactly to the percentge of trade in the enlarged area. The benefits of widening a currency area are then regarded, in terms of conventional trade theory, as equivalent to a reduction in transportation cost. The costs of widening a currency area are seen, instead, with reference to open economy macroeconomics, as a drop in the speed of adjustment of the terms of trade to their long-run equilibrium level. On this basis, it is shown that the marginal benefits of enlarging a currency area fall, the marginal costs rise, and an optimum size arises. But this size depends heavily on the optimal composition of the members.CEPR     

The transatlantic tar trade

Abstract

The tar trade has been of especial interest to Finnish commercial history, as tar has been regarded as Finland's main export article in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.¹ However, the studies of Professor Aulis J. Alanen suggest that this was no longer the case during the final phase of the Swedish regime, when the boom in shipbuilding for export, the new sawmill industry and the rising incomes from freights reduced the share of tar exports in the balance of payments. The significance of tar production and the tar trade was nevertheless fairly considerable for a long time in Northern Finland.     

The assessment: trade and location

This paper gives an overview of different analyses of the effectsof globalization on industrial location. It suggests that comparativeadvantage is inadequate to explain several aspects of the changingpatterns of trade and location, and that it needs to supplementedby approaches based on new economic geography and theories ofcumulative causation.     

Vertical trade and free trade agreements

We investigate the effects of free trade agreements (FTAs) on tariffs and welfare in vertical trade. We consider a three-country model, where an FTA is formed between a country exporting a final good and a country exporting an intermediate good. The FTA unambiguously leads to a reduction in the member country’s tariff, but may cause the non-member country’s tariff level to increase. In the case, where FTA raises the non-member country’s tariff level, the FTA increases that country’s welfare. In contrast, the FTA may render its member countries better off. This result implies that the formation of an FTA may not always be Pareto-improving.     

APEC贸易便利化的进程与特点

近年来APEC贸易便利化取得了一定进展，对减少本地区的贸易障碍发挥了积极作用。为实现《上海共识》在2006年前将交易成本降低5％的承诺，2003年6月各成员提交了“贸易便利化行动措施清单”。APEC如果能够如期实现贸易便利化的既定目标，则不仅可以使其走出自由化进展缓慢的阴影，而且也会为多边贸易体制提供有益借鉴。     

The exchange rate and the trade balance

Exchange rate flexibility is commonly justified as an efficient method for adjusting the trade balance to some desirable net international capital flow. In this orthodox view, fluctuations in a country's terms of trade or its saving-investment balance would continually upset its balance of payments equilibrium if the nominal exchange rate remained rigid.But this prevailing doctrine favoring exchange flexibility is only correct when economies are insular, ie. have limited trade and financial arbitrage with the outside world. With the spread of exchange controls and trade restrictions in the 1930s into the 1950s, the industrial countries became somewhat insulated from each other. A devaluation could then have the conventional effect of reducing a trade deficit because monetary and exchange rate policy were separable.Among the open industrial economies of the 1980s, however, financial arbitrage is uninhibited and trade is fairly free. Monetary policy, both current and prospective, now dominates what happens to the exchange rate. Because a devaluation today reflects an easier money policy in the present, or an expected easing in the future, it no longer has any predictable impact on the monetary value of the net trade balance. Exchange rate flexibility loses its usefulness in controlling net exports while becoming highly disruptive to the economy's macroeconomic stability.For example, the American dollar's downard float over the past three years should not be (have been) expected to improve the U.S. current account. However, allowing the dollar to depreciate below its purchasing power parity greatly increases the inflationary potential in the Americian economy.     

贸易摩擦的成因与影响

消费者出于利益最大化考虑选择进口产品的倾向,是引起贸易摩擦的根源在世界经济发展不平衡规律作用下,外在表现为国家利益冲突,从而为贸易摩擦的生成提供了条件进入21世纪,美国网络经济开始衰退,日本、俄罗斯、亚洲经济开始缓慢复苏,欧洲经济继续保持缓慢发展,中国则持续着快速增长。因此,针对中国的贸易摩擦数量激增,中国成为遭遇贸     

North American trade liberalization and intra-industry trade

Zusammenfassung Handelsliberalisierung in Nordamerika und der intra-industrielle Handel. - Der Verfasser untersucht die Handelsbeziehungen zwischen Mexiko und den Vereinigten Staaten in den 80er Jahren und vergleicht sie mit den Handelsbeziehungen zwischen Kanada und den USA im gleichen Zeitraum. Er stellt fest, da? der intra-industrielle Handel in den Beziehungen zwischen Mexiko und den USA an Bedeutung gewonnen hat, was vermutlich auf die zunehmende Handelsliberalisierung Mexikos zurückzuführen ist. In der Tat waren in den sp?ten 80er Jahren die relativen Niveaus des intra-industriellen Handels ?hnlich hoch, wenn man die bilateralen Handelsstr?me zwischen Mexiko und den USA mit denen zwischen Kanada und den USA vergleicht.

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Résumé La libération des échanges nord-américains et les échanges intra-industriels.- Dans cette étude l'auteur examine les tendances du commerce bilatéral entre le Mexique et les Etats Unis pendant les années quatre-vingts. Il les compare aux tendances du commerce bilatéral entre le Canada et les Etats Unis pendant la même période. Il trouve que les échanges intra-industriels sont particulièrement augmenté en ce qui concerne le commerce entre le Mexique et les Etats Unis. Cela montre que la libéralisation commerciale prend place principalement de la part du Mexique. En effet dans les années quatre-vingts, les niveaux relatives des échanges intra-industriels ont été assez similaires si l’on compare les échanges bilatéraux entre le Mexique et les Etats Unis d’une part et le Canada et les Etats Unis d'autre part.

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Resumen La liberalizatión del comercio en América del Norte y el comercio intrasectorial. - En este trabajo se examina el perfil del comercio bilateral entre México y los EE UU en los a?os ochenta y se lo compara con el perfil del comercio bilateral entre el Canadá y los EE UU en el mismo período. Se encuentra que la importancia del comercio intrasectorial aumentó en el comercio entre México y los EE UU durante el periodo estudiado, reflejando ante todo avances en la liberalizatión del comercio por parte de México. En efecto, hacia fines de los a?os ochenta, los niveles relativos de comercio intrasectorial eran bastante similares en ambos casos, México-EE UU y Canadá-EE UU.

     

Preferential trade agreements and the structure of international trade

In this paper we examine the impact of membership in preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on trade between PTA members. Rather than considering the impact of PTA membership on the volume of trade we consider the impact of membership on the structure of trade. For a large sample of countries over the period 1962–2000 we find that membership in a PTA is associated with an increase in the extent of intra-industry trade. Our results indicate that this is especially the case for PTAs formed between richer countries, with the effects of PTAs between poorer countries found to be smaller.     

贸易保护主义新趋势及其对策

随着“乌拉圭”回合谈判成功和世界贸易组织的成立，多边贸易规则促进了贸易自由化的发展，有效约束了缔约国贸易保护主义蔓延；同时由于世界经济竞争愈趋激烈．各国都纷纷采取新的更隐蔽的贸易保护手段以维护本国的利益。本文从贸易保护主义的新趋势入手，分析它产生的原因及对我国的影响，并提出相应的对策。