贸易开放度、劳动力市场扭曲与全要素生产率——基于省级面板数据的实证分析

基于空间计量模型,使用中国省级层面数据探究劳动力市场扭曲程度和贸易依存度对地区全要素生产率的影响.研究结果表明,劳动力市场扭曲抑制了地区经济增长,贸易开放水平对经济发展有着正向促进作用.对比中国不同区域可以发现,东部地区在劳动力市场与国际贸易市场上发展较为完善,中西部地区还需缓和中西部地区农业部门与非农部门的劳动力市场不平衡、增加贸易对外开放程度、增加企业自主研发等方式来提升地区全要素生产率.     

制造业部门技术进步的偏向性水平分析——基于区域特征的视角

文章基于CES生产函数,推导出技术进步方向的测算方法,并据此度量了1993-2012年期间中国制造业部门地区间不同的技术进步方向和偏向性程度。测算表明:在考察期内,资本生产效率的增长率在大幅下降,而劳动生产效率的增长率在上升。从要素的边际生产力递减原则出发,可以得到结论:在国家总量层面上,技术进步总体是偏向使用资本和节约劳动的;在地区层面上进行考察发现,中西部地区资本偏向性水平是最高的,其次是东部地区,而东北地区虽然是全国的重工业基地,但其技术进步对于资本的偏向性水平反而比较低。据此,文章从要素供给角度,为全国总量层面上技术进步方向的决定因素找到了答案,也为地区层面不同技术进步偏向程度的形成原因找到了体制内的影响因素。     

基于SFA的我国中东部经济发展效率差异性的实证分析

以10个省1999—2008年的面板数据为基础,运用基于超越对数的随机前沿生产函数模型,分析了中东部经济发展的技术效率、技术进步和全要素生产率,研究发现:中部的技术效率和技术进步要低于东部,中部对资本和劳动力投入的依存度较大,但中部的效率变化值很大,导致全要素生产率大于东部,中东部经济发展差异存在着减小的趋势。     

制造业竞争力比较研究——基于浙江地区与国内外制造业的分析比较

制造业竞争力对于区域经济发展具有至关重要的支撑作用。通过建立MCI制造业竞争力指数模型量化比较发现，随着劳动力成本等要素制约加剧，浙江制造业竞争力和竞争优势近年来大幅弱化。加快实现创造驱动、人才驱动、技术驱动、改革驱动“四轮驱动”，加速提高劳动生产率，推进产业转型升级，提升产业核心竞争力，打造经济升级版，从而实现长期可持续增长，是今后很长一段时期内浙江经济的重大课题。     

江苏农村经济区域差异的原因分析——来自苏州、南通、宿迁的实证

江苏农村宏观经济发展态势越来越好,但区域间的差异却日益显著.文章以苏州、南通、宿迁的农村经济为研究对象,通过对1999-2005年的数据资料进行实证分析发现人力资本投资意识与人力资本存量、区位优势与吸引投资能力、农民的个人意愿与富余劳动力数量是造成江苏农村经济区域差异的原因.     

New evidence on the role of regional clusters and convergence in China (1952–2008)

A new panel method is applied to the case of Chinese provinces to analyze the existence of club convergence in terms of per capita income, labor productivity, and capital intensity, from 1952 to 2008. The advantage of this approach is that it takes into account the heterogeneity of Chinese regions in a nonlinear time-varying framework, where more attention is paid to the spatial dimension. This time-varying approach outperforms other methods used in the relevant literature for an economy in transition, such as China, that has undergone a significant transformation over the period under consideration. Our results indicate that Chinese regions have converged into clubs. However, it is observed that Heilongjiang is diverging in terms of labor productivity and capital intensity, while Liaoning and Guizhou display similar patterns in terms of labor productivity, and Shanxi and Hebei in terms of capital intensity. These results indicate that specific economic packages need to be implemented in the clusters that were identified, with special attention to those regions that show a divergence behavior, in order to guarantee the sustainability and equality of regional growth.     

中国制造业集聚机制再研究——基于内生交易成本视角

论文将内生交易成本嵌入到新经济地理模型中,分析内生交易成本对企业生产区位选择的作用机理,以此阐明区域制度安排通过内生交易成本作用于产业集聚形成与变迁的微观机制。论文以中国制造业地域分布为分析对象,实证分析以内生交易成本为基础的制度安排对产业集聚的影响。研究表明:内生交易成本是企业选择生产区位的重要因素,在地区的外生交易成本、地区支出水平和市场规模一定的条件下,内生交易成本的降低,有助于促使企业向该地区迁移并加快产业在该地区的集聚;一个地区对生产者保护程度越高、投资政策越宽松、贸易政策越自由、劳动力流动管制越少以及企业融资越便利,越能吸引制造业整体向该地区迁移与集聚。因此,为了加快现代工业化进程和促进区域之间的协调发展,必须发挥"内生比较优势"和"外生比较优势"的双重效应,促进产业的"双向转移与集聚",优化本国产业的空间结构。     

Between Malthus and the industrial take-off: regional inequality in Sweden, 1571–1850

The causes and extent of regional inequality in the process of economic growth are at the core of historical economic research. So far, much attention has been devoted to studying the role of industrialization in driving regional divergence. However, empirical studies on relatively unequal countries such as Italy and Spain show that inequality was already high at the outset of modern industrialization. Using new estimates of Swedish regional GDP, this article looks for the first time at regional inequality in a pre-industrial European economy. Its findings show that inequality increased dramatically between 1571 and 1750 and stayed high until the mid-nineteenth century. This result refutes the classical view that the industrial take-off was the main driver of regional divergence. Decomposing the Theil index for GDP per worker, we find that the bulk of inequality from 1750 onwards was driven by structural differences across sectors rather than different regional productivity within sectors. We show that counties with higher agricultural productivity followed a classic Malthusian pattern when experiencing technological advancement, while those with higher industrial productivity did not. We suggest that institutional factors, such as the creation of the Swedish Empire, Stockholm's trading rights, and a protective industrial policy, amplified this exceptional pattern.     

中部地区第三产业区域分工研究

区域分工可以提高劳动生产率、资源产出率,增加产品的种类,提高产品的质量,也可以带来规模效益和贸易收益,促进技术进步,从而成为经济内生增长的不竭之源。区域分工的依据是区域间产品比较成本的大小。根据区位商法测算出中部地区五省第三产业各行业的比较成本,并以此为依据进行区域分工,以发挥各省比较成本优势,加速中部地区经济发展。     

结构冲击与结构转换对中国地区差距变化的影响

中国各地之间存在显著的产业结构差异,但现有关于中国地区收入差距的文献多受新古典单部门增长模型的影响,忽视结构冲击与结构转换的作用。通过构造变量,本文将各地区的实际增长率分解为结构冲击、结构转换9生产率增长三部分,从而克服了以往研究之不足。研究发现,结构冲击在1978年-1990年缩小了地区差距,但1990年—2002年扩大了地区差距;结构转换在整个改革期间均缩小了地区差距,从而加快农业发展和中西部地区产业结构转换有助于改善中国的地区收入分配状况。     

Coping with regional inequality in Sweden: structural change,migrations, and policy, 1860–2000

In many countries, regional income inequality has followed an inverted U‐shaped curve, growing during industrialization and market integration and declining thereafter. By contrast, Sweden's regional inequality dropped from 1860 to 1980 and did not exhibit this U‐shaped pattern. Accordingly, today's regional income inequality in Sweden is lower than in other European countries. We note that the prime mover behind the long‐run reduction in regional income differentials was structural change, whereas neoclassical and technological forces played a relatively less important role. However, this process of regional income convergence can be divided into three major periods. During the first period (1860–1940), the unrestricted action of market forces, particularly the expansion of markets and high rates of internal and international migration, led to the compression of regional income differentials. During the next period (1940–80), regional convergence was even more intense. In this period, institutional arrangements favoured the reduction of productivity differentials across industries and successive governments aided the reallocation of the workforce from declining to thriving regions and economic sectors. During the last period (1980–2000), when regional incomes diverged, internal migration and structural change slowed. Furthermore, the development of knowledge‐intensive service industries favoured economic growth in the main metropolitan areas.     

地方化经济、城市化经济与劳动生产率——基于中国制造业四位数行业的实证研究

本文基于2003年中国四位数行业制造业数据,实证分析了产业外部性的两种重要形式——地方化经济和城市化经济对劳动生产率的影响。我们发现,从整个制造业来讲,地方化经济和城市化经济都促进了劳动生产率的提高。同时,我们就地方化经济和城市化经济是否存在产业间的差异进行了实证分析,发现地方化经济在大部分产业都发挥显著的促进作用,而仅有少数技术含量相对高的产业支持城市化经济。     

What Factors Can Explain the Rising Spatial Disparity in Economic Activities in China?

This paper explores the impact of spatial externalities in shaping China's economic geography by establishing a theoretical framework that contains regional productivity, trade barriers and local amenities to capture spatial externalities between different regions over time. Combining provincial data on bilateral trade flows with observed information about economic geography during the period 1998–2013, we estimate the distribution and marginal contribution of each explanatory factor. Empirical results suggest that regional labor density and wage are positively related to exogenous productivity and amenities, and negatively related to trade barriers. Meanwhile, variation in the marginal contribution of exogenous productivity and amenities and trade barriers reflects the regional temporal–spatial features in China's recent marketization process. Therefore, the Chinese government should place more emphasis on absorbing advanced technologies and reducing inter‐regional market barriers to promote balanced regional development and improve the efficiency of China's spatial resource allocation.     

温州经济技术开发区出口贸易的劳动力效应——基于制造业细分行业面板数据的实证研究

在劳动力成为经济发展的关键因素背景下,文章利用温州经济技术开发区制造业24个细分行业的面板数据研究出口贸易对行业劳动生产率、劳动收入份额和单位资产就业吸收量等劳动力现象的影响,研究发现出口贸易会降低劳动生产率,同时出口贸易会提高行业劳动收入份额并且会增加单位资产就业吸收量.此外,劳动密集型产业样本数据的实证研究得出了相同的结论,但在劳动密集型产业中,出口贸易对劳动生产率的负面影响较弱,对劳动收入的正面影响较强,且对就业的正面影响较弱.     

Regional value added in Italy, 1891–2001, and the foundation of a long‐term picture1

This article presents value added estimates for the Italian regions, in benchmark years 1891–1951, which are linked to those from official figures available from 1971 on, in order to offer a long‐term picture of Italy's regional development. Regional activity rates and productivity are also discussed and compared. Some basic questions about Italy's economic history are briefly considered, including the origins and extent of the north–south divide, the role of migration and regional policy in shaping the pattern of regional inequality, and the positioning of Italy in the international debate on regional convergence, where it stands out because of the long‐run persistence of its disparities.     

Employment and Labor Productivity in Macroregions of Russia: Spatial Interdependence

The article shows that indicators of spatial distribution of employed and economic potential are becoming the key indicators of the economic development of Russia. It has been revealed that the localization of these resources determines the regional differentiation in labor productivity. Regression relationships between labor productivity, employment, urbanization parameters, agglomeration and localization have been determined. The forecast of regional localization of employment on macroregions of Russia has been carried out.     

Productivity and technology in Nepal:: An analysis of foreign and domestic firms

This study uses plant level data from the census of manufacturing establishments to examine the production technology and labor productivity of foreign and domestic firms in Nepal. The results show that the capital intensity in foreign firms is higher than that in domestic firms. The statistical results also imply that foreign firms have higher labor productivity. A simultaneous equation model suggests that foreign firms are technically not more efficient than domestic firms. In fact, analysis indicates that foreign firms are technically less efficient. The foreign firms may have derived their competitiveness from capital intensive technology that is found to be one of the major factors to boost labor productivity.     

The impacts of structural transformation and industrial upgrading on regional inequality in China

China has achieved unprecedented success in economic growth since the initiation of economic reforms. The high growth could partly be attributed to the successes in structural transformation of the economy and industrial upgrading of the manufacturing sector toward high value-added products. However, regional inequality in China has increased considerably behind the scenes. In order to have sustainable economic growth, it is thus crucial to investigate the impacts of both structural transformation and industrial upgrading on regional inequality. This paper contributes to the literature by employing a database compiled at the county-level. Decompositions are performed for different spatial groupings so as to provide a clear view of evolution of regional inequality. In addition, the contributions of the major industries to inequality in industrialization are examined by using another database of value-added compiled at the provincial level. The results may have important policy implications for the formulation of a comprehensive and coherent strategy in managing inequality while promoting structural transformation and industrial upgrading.     

资本深化对中国制造业劳动生产率的影响:市场选择与政府行为

文章基于市场选择与政府行为的视角,将资本深化分解为工资上涨引致的资本深化和政府投资引致的资本深化,利用2000-2014年中国制造业28个分行业的面板数据,实证检验了资本深化对中国制造业劳动生产率提升的影响。研究结果表明,工资上涨引致的资本深化能显著的促进中国制造业劳动生产率的提升,而政府投资引致的资本深化却对中国制造业劳动生产率的提升产生了不利的影响。进一步的研究发现,政府投资引致的资本深化与中国制造业劳动生产率之间呈现出显著的"倒U型"关系,其临界值为政府投资引致的资本深化达到0.057左右,目前越过该临界值的制造业行业有20个,且主要集中在重化工业制造业。而未越过该临界值的制造业行业有8个,主要分布于轻工业制造业。这一研究结果为中国"去库存、去产能"的供给侧结构性改革提供必要的经验支持。     

China＇s Pattern of Growth： Moving to Sustainability and Reducing Inequality

I. Introduction China’s gross domestic product (GDP) growth has averaged 9.4 percent per annum since1978. As a result of this impressive growth, millions of people were lifted out of poverty. Economic reforms implemented over the last 25 years have certainly been instrumental in the remarkable growth performance, leading to higher productivity growth than in the pre- reform period. Nevertheless, it is widely agreed that China’s growth during this period has been resource intensive, drawing…