人口老龄化、寿险持有与家庭资产配置效率

基于非期望产出的DEA-SBM模型,首先测度了家庭层面的资产配置效率,弥补了过去测度家庭效率时未考虑房产的不足;然后借助Tobit模型实证考察了人口老龄化对居民家庭资产配置效率的影响。研究结果显示,老龄化程度的加深将抑制居民家庭资产配置效率的提升,且投资者的风险态度、家庭持有商业寿险是这一负向效应的重要传导渠道。从异质性分析来看,对于低收入、西部地区家庭,以及中青年家庭和持有中高债务规模的家庭而言,老年人占比对家庭资产配置效率的负向效应更明显。进一步讨论发现,流动性约束的存在放大了老龄化的负向效应,而普及金融知识教育、增强社会互动是提升家庭资产配置效率的有效途径。     

金融排斥视角下非农就业与农村家庭金融资产配置行为研究

随着农村地区非农就业比例呈增长趋势及农户收入增加,农村家庭的投资理念逐渐趋向多元化,由此产生的投资理财需求开始得到人们的关注.本文运用中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)2017年数据研究了非农就业对农村家庭金融市场参与的影响及影响机制.结果显示,户主从事非农行业可有效促进农村家庭参与金融市场,并显著提升投资性金融资产的配置水平;非农就业可以通过缓解农村家庭需求端金融排斥程度对其资产配置产生影响,并且农户的社会信任程度越高,非农就业的促进作用越强.异质性分析表明,从事非农行业对中年群体、财富收入较高群体的资产配置行为影响更加显著;户主从事第三产业或外出务工对家庭持有风险金融资产的促进作用更强,而对于户主为兼业或创业人员的家庭而言,该影响则不显著.本文基于实证结果和农村地区劳动力市场结构变化的现状,结合当前增强金融普惠性和提高直接融资比重的政策目标,提出了改善家庭资产配置的相关建议,鼓励与促进农户进一步参与金融市场,享受资本市场发展带来的红利.     

家庭经济脆弱性与风险规避

本文基于期望效用理论构建新的家庭经济脆弱性分析框架,研究死亡风险对我国城市家庭消费的总体影响和异质性影响,为如何规避死亡风险的决策提供证据。结果表明:我国城市居民家庭普遍存在由死亡风险导致的经济脆弱性且比较严重,家庭经济脆弱性程度在20%以上的家庭占全部样本家庭的65%以上;死亡风险导致的家庭消费波动性显著高于消费水平的下降,这意味着采用保险来规避死亡风险比储蓄更有效。尽管家庭持有的寿险保障与面临的经济脆弱性匹配性较好,但寿险持有量不充分且寿险的有效性因家庭异质性存在差异,对3人家庭和35—44岁家庭作用最有效。本文的政策含义在于,脆弱性分析框架不仅能有效度量死亡风险对居民家庭消费和福利的影响,还可以回答居民家庭应如何选择死亡风险规避方式。     

房屋拆迁与家庭金融风险资产投资

文章基于心理账户和资源保存理论,利用2011年中国家庭金融调查数据,考察了房屋拆迁对家庭金融风险资产投资的影响及其机制.研究结果表明,房屋拆迁显著增强了家庭投资金融风险资产的意愿,提高了家庭在金融风险资产上的投资比重.财富损失预期在房屋拆迁影响家庭金融风险资产投资中起了显著的中介作用,而这一中介效应受到社会保险的正向调节.文章从经济学、管理学和心理学相融合的视角进行分析,为人类经济行为和结果提供了新见解;同时,研究结论对拓宽居民家庭投资渠道、深化金融体制改革和促进经济增长具有重要的参考价值和指导意义.     

异质投资者与资产定价研究评析

传统的资产定价理论通常假设投资者是同质的,即投资者在诸多方面是完全相同的。但实际上,投资者的异质性往往对资产价格产生很大的影响:投资者偏好的异质性,使风险资产的价格行为与代表性投资者框架下的显著不同;投资者所受到的约束的异质性,使得只有部分投资者参与资本市场,从而使基于消费的资产定价模型难以成立;投资者对资本市场未来的预期不同(即具有异质性信念)更是直接影响到投资者的组合——消费行为,从而影响均衡价格。近年来发展起来的行为金融中的资产定价模型大部分都是考虑特定的异质信念及其对资产定价的影响。     

流动性、生命周期与投资组合相异性——中国投资者行为调查实证分析

本文采用Probit和Tobit模型对中国居民的股票市场参与和投资组合的影响因素进行了分析,主要有以下的实证发现:首先,不流动性资产特别是房地产的投资显著影响了投资者的股票市场参与和投资组合,而且影响以“替代”效应或者说“挤出”效应为主。其次,投资者在进行投资组合时极少利用股票市场对其未来现金流所承担的风险进行对冲,也就是说,中国居民投资的“生命周期效应”不明显;第三,中国居民投资的“财富效应”非常显著。财富的增加既增加了居民参与股票市场的概率,也增加了居民参与股票市场的深度。     

认知能力与家庭资产选择

本文采用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,研究了认知能力对中国城市家庭金融市场参与和家庭资产选择的影响。本文用字词识记能力和数学能力这两个维度来衡量认知能力的大小。研究结果表明:在控制了受教育年限和金融知识水平的情况下,字词识记能力和数学能力的增加都会推动城市家庭参与金融市场,并增加城市家庭在风险资产尤其是股票资产上的配置比例。这一结论对于高收入家庭和金融知识水平较低的家庭仍然成立。除此之外,本研究还发现:家庭的社会互动强度、互联网的使用频率、健康水平等因素的提高也会推动家庭参与金融市场并投资购买风险资产。     

异质信念与资产价格异常波动性

本文构建了一个可以拓展至无限类别的异质投资者模型。我们发现．在投资者具有强异质性的条件下，资产价格的异常波动性并不是不同类别投资者情绪波动的简单加总，起关键作用的是投资者之间的异质信念。有效市场假说中噪音交易者行为相互抵消的过程确实在发生，但这一抵消过程并不一定是完全的。在投资者具有强异质性条件下，投资者情绪在加总后对资产价格的影响反而更加稳定。投资者参与是异质信念影响波动性的重要条件，随着投资者参与程度的提高，异质信念对波动性的影响愈加显著。上述结论得到了本文实证结果的支持。     

金融素养与家庭负债——基于中国居民家庭微观调查数据的分析

本文运用清华大学中国金融研究中心2010年和2011年"中国消费金融现状及投资者教育调查"数据,考察了金融素养对家庭负债决策的影响。研究发现:绝大多数居民家庭对贷款产品不了解,金融素养普遍较低;教育程度与金融素养存在正相关关系;男性的金融素养高于女性的金融素养。实证研究还发现:金融素养高的居民家庭更可能持有负债和偏好通过正规渠道借贷,但金融素养的提高有助于减少过度负债。本文的政策含义在于:首先,应客观认识当前绝大多数中国居民家庭金融素养比较低的现实及其在微观层面对过度借贷的影响;其次,开展金融教育应因人而异,因为金融素养在不同年龄、性别和教育程度的人群中存在明显的异质性;最后,任何涉及到居民家庭的金融政策(如养老保险的改革、普惠金融的推进等)都不应忽视金融素养的影响。     

主观幸福感、人格特征与家庭资产选择

本文运用中国家庭金融调查数据,研究主观幸福感、人格特征对家庭金融市场参与和家庭资产选择的影响及内在机制。结果发现,对房产而言,主观幸福感的提升会推动家庭参与房产投资,并增加家庭在房产上的配置;对储蓄而言,主观幸福感的提升不仅会降低居民参与储蓄的动机,而且会同时降低其持有比重;对股票而言,主观幸福感对居民参与动机影响不显著,但家庭开始股票投资后,主观幸福感的提升会提高家庭参与股票选择的深度。居民主观幸福感可以与人格特征形成影响机制,从而影响居民金融市场参与和家庭资产选择比重。     

Taxation and household portfolio composition: US evidence from the 1980s and 1990s

This paper explores the relationship between household marginal income tax rates, the set of financial assets that households own, and the portfolio shares accounted for by each of these assets. It analyzes data from the 1983, 1989, 1992, 1995, and 1998 Surveys of Consumer Finances and develops a new algorithm for imputing federal marginal tax rates to households in these surveys. The empirical findings suggest that marginal tax rates have important effects on asset allocation decisions. The probability that a household owns tax-advantaged assets, such as tax-exempt bonds or assets held in tax-deferred accounts, is positively related to its tax rate on ordinary income. In addition, the portfolio share invested in corporate stock, which is taxed less heavily than interest bearing assets, is increasing in the household’s ordinary income tax rate. Holdings of heavily taxed assets, such as interest-bearing accounts, decline as a share of wealth as a household’s marginal tax rate increases.     

Intrahousehold moral hazard frictions and household poverty traps in rural India

We empirically study the role of assets held by women in the creation of household wealth using data from rural India. We design a streamlined model of intrahousehold project funding where moral hazard frictions between spouses and women's asset control are the main ingredients. As predicted by the model, the data show that household asset accumulation depends on women's asset control in a non-monotonic way. Results indicate no presence of multiple equilibrium poverty traps, but do show that exogenous negative shocks will trigger assets aggregation within households where both spouses are present. This resilience mechanism is, however, not found in female headed household as these households have a monotonic relationship between women's wealth control and asset creation. We thus argue that policies to support women's empowerment need to distinguish women based on their individual wealth levels and headship status to enhance household well-being in remote Indian communities.     

中国家庭债务和资产积累关系的实证分析:1997-2008

笔者运用1997年～2008年中国家庭债务和家庭资产积累的时间序列数据,定量分析了家庭负债和家庭资产积累的关系。研究发现,家庭债务和家庭资产积累存在同向的长期均衡关系,家庭债务的变动会影响家庭资产的积累。笔者提出促进家庭资产合理配置和防范中国家庭债务快速增长带来的消极后果的相关建议,旨在为决策部门制定合理的经济政策提供参考。     

中国城镇居民家庭资产—负债现状与成因研究

利用2009年"中国城镇居民经济状况与心态调查"数据,本文细致考察了中国城镇居民家庭资产—负债的现状与成因。描述性统计表明,家庭资产随着户主年龄、教育程度和家庭收入水平提高而上升,家庭负债则恰恰相反,家庭资产—负债存在明显的地域差异。实证研究发现,户主的年龄、受教育程度和健康状况以及家庭收入和人口规模不仅是家庭是否拥有资产/负债最重要的决定因素,也是家庭资产负债额的重要影响因素;进一步研究表明,家庭净资产也主要受到这些因素的影响,但其影响程度因家庭净资产量不同而不同。本文进而研究了家庭资产—负债状况的稳定性,发现户主年龄较小、教育水平较低和健康状况较差以及人口规模较大的家庭更容易受到金融市场不利冲击的影响。     

Multi‐asset Deprivation and Pro‐poor Growth in Cameroon

This article analyzes pro‐poor growth of multiple dimensions of household well‐being by sector of activity in Cameroon. It uses (1) a polychoric principal component analysis to construct indicators of household asset endowments, (2) the growth incidence curve to analyze the pro‐poorness of the different assets, and (3) a Shapley value framework decomposition to account for changes in deprivation in terms of within‐sector growth and changes in within‐sector inequality. Data is sourced from the second and third Cameroon household consumption surveys. Results show that: (a) pro‐poor growth is not observed for all assets and households at the bottom of the distribution of the different assets experienced an increase in inequality; (b) for all asset endowments, overall deprivation worsened between 2001 and 2007; (c) whereas the growth component mitigated the worsening incidence, depth and severity of human asset deprivation, both growth and redistribution components accounted for the worsening physical, financial and social asset deprivations; (d) while the tertiary sectors of activity benefited some human asset poverty reduction, all sectors suffered from worsening financial and social asset deprivation. These results have implications for promoting growth and improving the allocation of household assets.     

农户金融资产配置的门槛效应对收入差距的影响机制——基于微观面板门限协整模型的经验与证据

基于2100户农户2005-2009年的微观面板数据,本文构建了农户金融资产配置与收入差距间的两阶段面板门限协整回归,对金融资产配置作用于农户收入差距的机制进行了分析和检验。论文从数理模型上证明了金融资产配置差异对农户收入差距的影响机制;利用非线性门限协整回归的极大似然估计量,本文估计了我国农户金融资产配置与收入差距的两阶段门限模型,并对其模型选择及其门槛效应进行了检验,模型的回归结果及门限参数的变化轨迹证实了金融资产配置的门槛前后农户收入的差异性,农户金融资产配置的差异确实对农户收入产生了重要影响;因此,改善农户金融资产配置的环境及结构可能有助于消减农户间的收入差距。     

How to curb poverty-related deforestation?

Drawing upon recent data from the Southeast Asian Mekong region, I study poverty-related drivers of deforestation (logging) activities by rural households. I do not find an environmental Kuznets curve-type relation between income and deforestation. Albeit I find a negative relation between income and the deforestation probability, this relation turns insignificant once I take into account specific socio-economic household characteristics: better education, higher relative affluence, younger age, self-employment, a higher value of nonproductive assets owned by the household as well as affiliation to an ethnic majority significantly reduce the deforestation probability. Received credits, remittances or (public) transfers do not significantly affect the deforestation probability. This implies for development policy that pure income-increasing financial support does not suffice for curbing poverty-related deforestation. Fostering education, social status, doing business and private ownership of assets are more promising options.     

Racial/Ethnic disparities in high return investment ownership: a Heckman selection model

This study investigates racial/ethnic differences in high return investment ownership in the U.S. Households with low levels of financial assets might not be able to meaningfully make investment choices, so a Heckman two-stage selection model was used to separate the minimum asset level status from the allocation decision, specifically in whether households owned at least one high return investment. We found that households with White respondents were more likely than households with Black and Hispanic respondents to have adequate financial assets for investment. Conditional on having adequate financial assets, and controlling for household characteristics and financial literacy, White households were more likely to own high return investments than Black, Hispanic and Asian/other households. Policies to nudge households to invest some wealth in high return investment assets would benefit minority households.     

Life‐cycle asset accumulation and allocation in Canada

Abstract.  This paper documents the life‐cycle patterns of household portfolios in Canada, and investigates several hypotheses about asset accumulation and allocation. Inferences are drawn from the 1999 Survey of Financial Security, with some comparisons to earlier wealth surveys from 1977 and 1984. I find cross‐sectional evidence for asset decumulation at older ages when annuitized assets like pension wealth are included in the analysis. I also find that the portfolio share of financial assets increases sharply with age, while indicators of risk tolerance appear to decrease. This is consistent with families' desiring more liquid and less risky assets as they age. JEL classification: D31, E21, G11