城市建成环境对居民体力活动强度的影响——基于北京社区问卷的研究

城市建成环境会通过影响居民的体力活动强度,进而影响其身心健康。研究选取北京15个社区进行入户问卷收集数据,采用国际体力活动量表(IPAQ)对居民体力活动强度进行测度,以GIS数据为基础评测社区建成环境,并通过多层线性模型对影响居民体力活动的因素进行校验。研究发现:社区大小、容积率及公园数量对体力活动强度有显著影响,而在既有文献中强调的土地利用混合度、建筑密度等因素并未表现出显著作用,这或许是由于不同国家城市肌理的既有差异所导致。     

城市社区周边商业环境的特征与评价——基于北京市内7个社区的调查

在我国城市商业业态多元化、商业空间快速扩展并呈"两极化"发展的大趋势下,城市社区周边的商业已成为与居民日常生活密切相关的商业空间,而且伴随着城市居住的空间分异,不同类型的城市社区商业表现出明显的地域差异.论文基于北京市内7个社区周边商业环境的实地调查数据,比较分析了城市社区周边商业环境的现状特征,并将城市社区周边商业环境划分为2个尺度与3种类型.与此同时,采用层次分析法对城市社区周边商业环境进行了定量评价.     

适老化康复景观融入养老社区设计策略研究——以聊城市为例

随着人口老龄化时代来临,养老问题成为人们普遍关心的议题,老年群体对户外环境空间设计提出的要求更高了。文章从康复性及老年人需求的视角研究社区景观环境问题,通过对聊城市养老社区的问卷调查,总结社区户外环境现存问题,深度分析不同自理能力、老龄程度老年群体生理、心理、活动范围、行为活动的特征,总结了聊城市养老社区空间存在的问题,并提出了适老化康复景观融入养老空间设计策略,如休闲空间多元化,社区交通无障碍化,景观设施适老化等。旨在能根据老年群体的不同需求重新界定户外空间,将康复景观融入社区环境,创造多样性的景观功能区。提供科学、具有活力的社区户外景观设计策略,为老年人创造健康幸福的晚年生活。     

儿童诱使社区交往与推进社区自治的作用机制探究

儿童是社区中的重要参与者,家庭生活的核心,更是联结家庭形成社区组织单元的有效媒介。以一个邻里关系紧密、自治能力发展成熟的社区为对象,综合运用访谈、数理分析和环境行为学等方法进行实证分析,探究以儿童活动为触媒,亲子互洽空间为依托,促进社区关系缔结,并由下至上构建社区自治系统的可能性。主要得到以下结论：(1)陪伴儿童活动有助于提升个体家庭的邻里关系,即儿童能够有效诱使社区交往。(2)亲子共洽空间比传统“儿童友好空间”更利于社区交往。(3)社区交往程度的增加有助于提升个体参与自治单元的深度和社区自治水平。(4)儿童在时间、组织、平台、氛围四个方面推进社区自治。     

城市老人、儿童适宜性社区公共空间研究

中国快速的城市化和人口老龄化对城市社区公共空间的适宜性提出更高要求,老人、儿童是参与社区活动的主体人群,良好的环境既可以增进老人邻里交往、提升归属感,也促进了儿童游戏活动,减少肥胖、孤独等不利因素。基于社区公共空间的现存问题,通过对天津市5个社区发放问卷、小组访谈、观察、行为地图等方法收集了老人、儿童的主观空间认知、活动需求、环境偏好数据,用二元和多元的统计方法量化分析老人、儿童的主观评价、活动需求、环境偏好的趋同性和差异性,最后结合居住区规划、景观等设计理论提出适宜性社区公共空间建构策略。     

郊区巨型社区的活动空间——基于北京市的调查

文章针对中国大城市周边涌现的巨型居住社区现象,基于居民日常活动和出行调研数据,利用GIS软件对巨型社区居民出行的时空路径和活动分布进行刻画,总结出郊区巨型社区居民的工作、购物、休闲活动空间特征和整体活动空间模式,探讨这种独特的郊区物质空间对居民行为空间的影响;并通过郊区巨型社区与内城、郊区普通社区的对比分析,探讨其在城市空间结构中的意义,剖析巨型社区自身存在的问题,以期为未来巨型社区发展政策的制定和发展方向的选择提供一定的依据。     

高校周边商业环境现状、问题及对策研究——基于秦皇岛市高校的调查

高校周边商业已经成为城市经济发展的重要增长点,但目前高校周边商业环境存在诸多问题。本文在对某市高校周边商业实证调研的基础上,对高校周边商业的现状,运营特征及存在的问题进行了归纳分析,提出了应采取政府、高校、企业、社区等多元化治理方式来解决高校周边商业问题。     

老年人社会交往层次与社区建成环境重构

社会交往有助于提高老年人的生存质量和健康状况。已有文献中对老年人的社会交往缺乏细分,更没有针对不同社会交往对社区建成环境的差异化需求进行研究。对重庆4个社区进行实地调研和问卷调查,研究发现除了子女,邻居是老年人深层交往的重要构成;而居住区周边的菜市场/路边小摊贩、商店/超市的售货员等是老年人浅层次交往的主要对象。通过研究和分析,针对老年人社会交往的需要,从邻里社区规划和设计的角度,对提升社区建成环境,满足老年人深层和浅层社会交往的需求提出了一些具体的建议措施,包括:公共空间和设施的供给、公共交通的完善、商业的布局等。     

浅谈社区文化活动

物业管理企业组织丰富多彩的社区文化活动,既有利于社区的精神文明建设,又有利于物业管理企业知名度的提高和企业品牌形象的树立。如何系统地、有计划、有步骤地组织开展符合社会主义道德风尚、被小区业主喜闻乐见的社区文化活动,就要从对社区文化活动基本要素的分析、社区文化活动组织机构的建立、社区文化主题的确定、年度计划的制定、活动方案的策划及实施等方面进行实践。     

以人为本的社区公园设计

社区公园作为居住区最大的开放空间,是居民日常社会活动的主要场所。居民平时的文化教育、休闲娱乐、休息也是在社区公园进行,环境优美的社区公园是社区居民生活质量的保证,也是一个城市发展水平的体现。社区公园的规划设计应遵循"以人为本"的理念,不仅要有大片的绿地空间,还要有游憩活动的设施,用以改善人居环境,满足人们亲近自然、改善生活质量的需求。     

Neighborhood income distributions

This paper studies purely empirically aspects of the distribution of income within small neighborhoods and contrasts it with the income distribution at higher level of aggregation, such as census tracts and metropolitan areas. It relies on a unique feature of the American Housing Survey, whose 1985, 1989 and 1993 waves provide data for small residential neighborhoods. These consist of a dwelling unit and up to ten of its nearest neighbors. The paper employs several parametric and non-parametric econometric tools to measure income sorting in US residential neighborhoods. It documents the patterns of dependence among neighbors' income and imperfect sorting, with moderate but very significant correlation among incomes of neighbors and of considerable income mixing in US neighborhoods. These results persist even if choice-based sampling and heterogeneity across the sample are accounted for. Neighborhoods associated with a randomly selected renter are more sorted than those associated with an owner even though such owners are more likely to define their neighborhoods.     

价值工程在小区绿化设计中的应用

价值工程是一门技术与经济相结合的现代化管理科学。应用价值工程理论,对工程项目进行科学的分析,对设计方案进行优化选择,不仅从技术上,还要从技术与经济相结合的前提下进行充分论证,在满足工程结构及使用功能要求的前提下,依据经济指标和综合效益选择设计方案,显得越来越重要。     

寻找电梯公寓中逐渐迷失的邻里关系——对成都市电梯公寓入户交往空间的研究

随着中国城市化水平的快速提高,城市人口越来越稠密,电梯公寓逐渐成为了主导的居住形式,这使人们的居住模式发生了改变,邻里关系与从前相比被弱化。而当今住宅设计越来越快速,对设计成果的使用后评价关注较少。本文以成都市电梯公寓入户空间为例,采用多种方法对建成环境进行评价,从而归纳出适于居民交往的入户空间形态,同时探寻更完善的设计流程及对现代住区规划建设做进一步思考。     

Neighborhood effect on stock price comovement

We investigate how the geographic distance between firms’ headquarters affects their stock price comovement. Our results show that a firm's stock return has stronger comovement with the returns of nearby firms than with those of distant firms. Being in the same state and/or in the same industry strengthens the return comovement, but does not substitute for the negative effect of geographic distance on price comovement. Firms of similar share price and size also show stronger return comovement, but these factors do not mitigate the negative distance impact. Consistent with investor home bias and neighborhood effect literature, our results suggest that investors’ preference for local stocks and their interactions lead to correlated trading in local stocks and therefore stronger local price comovement.     

Neighborhood amenities: An economic analysis

A spatial model of household and firm demand and supply of market goods is developed. Housing and neighborhood amenity markets are explicitly considered in deriving market equilibrium. The equilibrium relationships are empirically investigated, yielding important insights into the functioning of the urban economy. Attention is focused on externalities involved in neighborhood markets and the simultaneous determination of housing and amenity market equilibrium. The effect of neighborhood amenities on household equilibrium is of a major magnitude and effects of “externality” variables on both housing and amenity equilibrium are substantiated. The degree of neighborhood homogeneity and the extent of government programs aimed at neighborhood development are found to have significant impacts on housing and amenity markets.     

Neighborhood effects of concentrated mortgage foreclosures

As the national mortgage crisis has worsened, an increasing number of communities are facing declining housing prices and high rates of foreclosure. Central to the call for government intervention in this crisis is the claim that foreclosures not only hurt those who are losing their homes to foreclosure, but also harm neighbors by reducing the value of nearby properties and in turn, reducing local governments’ tax bases. The extent to which foreclosures do in fact drive down neighboring property values has become a crucial question for policy-makers. In this paper, we use a unique dataset on property sales and foreclosure filings in New York City from 2000 to 2005 to identify the effects of foreclosure starts on housing prices in the surrounding neighborhood. Regression results suggest that above some threshold, proximity to properties in foreclosure is associated with lower sales prices. The magnitude of the price discount increases with the number of properties in foreclosure, but not in a linear relationship.     

Neighborhood social networks and female self-employment earnings in Taiwan

Using the sample of Taiwanese female self-employed workers from the Taiwan Women and Family Survey (TWFS) conducted in 1989, this article explores neighborhood social networks and female self-employment earnings. The evidence from linear regression and endogenous treatment effect models suggests that an individual’s past provision of personalized assistance to adjacent neighbors significantly increases current self-employment earnings, with corrections for self-selection into network participation. An individual’s past voluntary contributions to community organizational activities also significantly increase current earnings, both with and without corrections for self-selection. However, there are negative self-selections into both cooperative neighborhood networks and community organizational activities in the sense that female self-employed workers with high earnings capacity are less likely to choose to participate in these types of social networks.     

Neighborhood upgrading effects of middle-income housing projects in New York City

In a sample of 50 New York City neighborhoods in which middle-income housing projects were built, assessed values increased by 9.89% per year while control areas increased only 4.64% annually. This upgrading effect is more pronounced in medium-quality neighborhoods than in either the best or the worst neighborhoods. Project size has apparently no effect on the impact of neighborhood upgrading, but project age seems to be positively related to neighborhood upgrading.     

Empowered Participation in Urban Governance: The Minneapolis Neighborhood Revitalization Program

In the early 1990s, the Neighborhood Revitalization Program (NRP) allocated $400 million in public funds for Minneapolis neighborhood groups to spend on improvement projects over the coming 20 years. NRP created the most financially empowered structure of neighborhood governance in any American city. This article describes the institutional design of NRP and then explores several of its political, social and economic consequences. In particular, we examine the character of participation, deliberation and conflict in several NRP neighborhoods, the tensions between neighborhood groups and city offices over this decentralization initiative, the effects of decentralization upon neighborhood‐level social capital, and the nature of goods funded under the Program.     

济南市住区建成环境对家庭出行能耗影响研究

本文基于济南家庭入户调研数据,构建了以住区建成环境为自变量,家庭出行能耗为因变量的多元线性回归模型。本研究在控制了家庭社会经济特征可能影响的前提下,对家庭出行能耗的构成进行了深入的探讨。模型结果显示住区建成环境特征与家庭出行能耗相关,启发我们应该从土地混合利用、小网格街坊,以及步行、公交导向型城市设计等多个方面共同努力限制家庭出行能耗增长。