制造业虚拟化转型背景下双重创新网络与创新绩效演化

制造业虚拟化转型背景下,双重创新网络的作用有待探索。运用多主体建模仿真与实证相结合的方法,考察双重创新网络对区域制造集群创新网络及其绩效的影响。结果表明：相较于区域创新绩效“缓慢—加快—稳定”的演化过程,虚拟网络嵌入后区域创新绩效呈现“加快—稳定”的特征。同时,进一步考察技术动态性对此造成的冲击,发现在不同技术动态性环境下,虚拟网络均有助于改善区域产业集群创新绩效。最后,仿真结果显示,鉴于虚拟化程度不同,创新绩效涌现出不同的变化规律,在此基础上利用南京江宁开发区制造业相关数据进行探索,发现在高技术动态条件下虚拟化程度与企业创新绩效呈倒U型关系,而低技术动态条件下呈正相关,从而为制造企业如何在虚拟化转型过程中兼顾两种异质创新网络提供一些思路。     

Emil Lederer and Joseph Schumpeter on Economic Growth,Technology and Business Cycles

This paper compares Joseph Schumpeter and Emil Lederer with respect to their visions concerning the notions of economic growth, technology and business cycles. Their theoretical investigations in a number of thematic areas seem to converge to similar views. More precisely, both Schumpeter and Lederer regard the capitalist economy as a dynamic system where the introduction of innovations is its distinctive characteristic. In such a system, static analysis based on the concept of equilibrium is useful as an expository device to describe the adjustment mechanisms of the economic system. They also paid attention to the emergence of large oligopolistic firms and considered this development as being interwoven with technological progress. Both economists used similar arguments to emphasize the link between economic development and technological change. In their analyses, Schumpeter and Lederer referred to psychological factors motivating the entrepreneur, in order to explain the forces that set in motion the process of innovation and thus economic development. The concept of technological unemployment is also described in a similar manner by both of them. Regarding the issue of business cycles, Schumpeter and Lederer considered them to be a result of endogenous processes within a capitalist economy. Lederer in his late works, argued in a way analogous to Schumpeter, that economic fluctuations are caused from the disruptions created by innovations, which are introduced discontinuously into the economic system. Conclusively, Schumpeter and Lederer delivered theses which are similar in scope and conclusions probably because they were developed in the same social, political, theoretical and ideological environment and were also well acquainted with each other’s ideas.     

营商环境、企业家精神与技术创新关系研究

优化营商环境、激发市场主体活力是我国新时期推动经济高质量发展的重大举措。选取2009-2018年30个省市级面板数据,构建中介效应模型,实证分析营商环境质量对企业家精神的激励效应及技术创新的促进作用。研究发现：①营商环境优化对中国技术创新具有显著正效应,但其影响更多表现为资金供给而非制度供给;②企业家精神是营商环境与技术创新的中介变量,营商环境要素、企业家创新精神和创业精神激励结构对技术创新的影响存在异质性;③营商环境显性激励作用明显,但内生激励不足。研究结论可为持续优化营商环境、激发企业家精神、促进技术创新提供政策启示。     

Clean technology — Innovation and environmental regulation

The development and diffusion of clean technologies has an important role to play in preventing pollution. Government must address the issue of how firms can be given the necessary incentive to develop environmentally sound production techniques and products. This paper focus on how subsidies can — under certain restrictive conditions — stimulate innovation. Subsidization is usually assumed to involve unit subsidies for pollution reduction. Unit subsidies have little to do with the subsidy schemes in actual use. Our focus is on subsidy schemes specifically designed to promote the development of clean technologies through the use of grants/financial aid. Based on data from the development projects initiated through The Danish Clean Technology Programme we analyze how environmental innovations take place when the polluters, their suppliers and consultants are actively engaged in the development processes. The main merit of subsidy schemes like the Danish one is its direct focus on the innovation processes and the active incorporation of the network of firms surrounding the polluters. Our findings lead us to conclude that when it comes to subsidization, the role of government should be redefined. Government can act as a matchmaker by providing firms with informative incentives and necessary contacts for finding more efficient technological solutions to specific environmental problems.     

制造企业技术创新与商业模式创新协同演化:一个多案例研究

制造企业发展过程表明,技术创新和商业模式创新之间存在复杂的协同演化关系。结合多案例研究方法,分析制造企业演化过程中技术创新和商业模式创新的匹配模式、协同演化关系。结果发现：技术创新和商业模式创新动态演化存在3种模式：简单线性模式、反馈控制模式、复杂系统模式。基于此,构建技术创新和商业模式创新协同演化模型,指出协同演化呈现“创新-调整-适应”等复杂的螺旋化发展过程,并提出技术创新和商业模式创新协同演化的3种机制：互动机制、学习机制、选择与反馈机制。突破了关于技术创新和商业模式创新之间简单的线性关系和静态视角,从动态视角分析技术创新和商业模式创新协同演化,补充和修正了技术创新和商业模式创新关系的认识,丰富了现有创新演化理论。研究结论对中国制造企业实施创新战略的启示在于：单一创新虽然在一定程度上能为制造企业带来盈利,但是其作用和持续性均有限,技术创新和商业模式创新有效协同是制造企业竞争力持续提升的关键。     

Emil Lederer and Joseph Schumpeter on Economic Growth,Technology and Business Cycles

This paper compares Joseph Schumpeter and Emil Lederer with respect to their visions concerning the notions of economic growth, technology and business cycles. Their theoretical investigations in a number of thematic areas seem to converge to similar views. More precisely, both Schumpeter and Lederer regard the capitalist economy as a dynamic system where the introduction of innovations is its distinctive characteristic. In such a system, static analysis based on the concept of equilibrium is useful as an expository device to describe the adjustment mechanisms of the economic system. They also paid attention to the emergence of large oligopolistic firms and considered this development as being interwoven with technological progress. Both economists used similar arguments to emphasize the link between economic development and technological change. In their analyses, Schumpeter and Lederer referred to psychological factors motivating the entrepreneur, in order to explain the forces that set in motion the process of innovation and thus economic development. The concept of technological unemployment is also described in a similar manner by both of them. Regarding the issue of business cycles, Schumpeter and Lederer considered them to be a result of endogenous processes within a capitalist economy. Lederer in his late works, argued in a way analogous to Schumpeter, that economic fluctuations are caused from the disruptions created by innovations, which are introduced discontinuously into the economic system. Conclusively, Schumpeter and Lederer delivered theses which are similar in scope and conclusions probably because they were developed in the same social, political, theoretical and ideological environment and were also well acquainted with each other’s ideas.     

创业孵化推动创新引领经济发展的机理分析与实证检验

“十四五”规划提出坚持创新在现代化建设中的核心地位。创业孵化是推动创新引领经济发展的重要环节,是新一轮产业变革的重要载体。孵化器资源整合通过帕累托改进提高资源配置效率,孵化投资通过收入效应提高规模效率,技术服务通过替代效应提高技术效率,进而推动创新引领经济发展。基于2010-2019年中国内地省际面板数据,使用Bootstrap方法、逐步回归法及sobel模型检验创业孵化影响资源配置效率、规模效率与技术效率的中介效应。结果发现：孵化器数量、人员投入、风险投资及技术服务对资源配置效率、规模效率与技术效率具有显著中介效应,创业孵化通过创新产业化路径推动创新引领经济发展。据此,提出如下对策建议：①以平台化、网络化路径扩大孵化器体量,提高资源配置效率;②优化创业孵化资金“入、转、退”制度,提升规模效率;③建设“孵化器4.0”模式众创空间,提升技术效率。     

"互联网+"、普惠金融与技术创新:影响机制及经验证据

“互联网+”与普惠金融深度融合对技术创新具有重要影响。通过系统阐述“互联网+”与普惠金融对技术创新的影响机制，基于2006-2016年中国内地30个省份面板数据进行实证研究。结果发现，“互联网+”通过规模效应和竞争效应促进技术创新；普惠金融通过激发社会底层动力和内在活力推动技术创新。由于东中西部地区互联网发展存在巨大差异，“互联网+”在东、中、西部地区对技术创新的影响效果出现明显的区域分岔。进一步研究发现，“互联网+”与普惠金融确实具有较强的联动性特征，其形成的交叉作用加强了“互联网+”对技术创新的推动作用。根据上述研究结论，提出相应政策建议。     

Technological and non-technological innovation and productivity in services vis-à-vis manufacturing sectors

In this paper, the links between investment in innovation activities, innovation outputs (technological and non-technological innovation) and productivity in services vis-à-vis the manufacturing sector are explored using innovation survey data from Uruguay. The size of firms, their cooperation in R&D activities, the use of public financial support, patent protection and the use of market sources of information are very important drivers of the decision to invest in innovation activities across sectors. The main determinants of technological and non-technological innovations are the level of investment in innovation activities and the size of the firm. The results indicate that both technological and non-technological innovations are positively associated to productivity gains in services, but non-technological innovations have a more important role. The reverse happens for manufacturing, where technological innovations are more relevant for productivity.     

Relating business model innovations and innovation cascades: the case of biotechnology

This article conceptualizes innovation as a process, where the scientific and industrial application of technological knowledge nurtures new routines and institutions, in order to relate changing business model innovations to innovation cascades. Innovation in science-based, high-tech sectors is changing its tempo, from the evolutionary pace of incremental novelties punctuated by occasional radical novelties, to innovation cascades. These cascades involve a long series of interlinked radical innovations, which can be traced through various scientific and technological indicators like patents and publications. Innovation cascades are relevant to industry, because they make the future less predictable. They are particularly interesting because these changes also enable the testing an abundance of new business models. Innovation cascades have a major impact on the number and sustainability of business models and on strategy. Business model innovations are visible not only in the existing organizations that undergo change, but also new organizational models appear. The case of biotechnology after the 1980s is used to illustrate our conceptualization.     

商业模式创新与技术创新匹配性对后发企业绩效的影响——来自年报文本分析的实证研究

以2014—2019年沪深A股成长期上市公司作为后发企业代表，借助Word2Vec的文本分析方法，基于公司年度财务数据度量后发企业商业模式创新水平，实证研究后发企业追赶过程中商业模式创新、技术创新以及二者匹配性与企业绩效间的作用机理。结果发现：商业模式创新对后发企业绩效具有显著正向影响；技术创新对后发企业绩效具有显著正向影响；商业模式创新和技术创新的平衡性与后发企业绩效正相关；商业模式创新和技术创新的组合性与后发企业绩效正相关。结果表明，对于后发企业而言，商业模式创新与技术创新为互补关系，而非互替关系，二者间的匹配性对后发企业绩效提升具有增强型交互作用。     

如何共舞?服务商业模式创新与技术创新对企业绩效的交互影响

基于权变视角与企业网络视角，剖析效率型、新颖型服务商业模式创新与利用式、探索式技术创新匹配对制造企业绩效的影响效应，并识别网络中心性的中介作用。研究发现：①新颖型服务商业模式创新与利用式技术创新组合匹配能够积极提升企业绩效，效率型、新颖型服务商业模式创新与探索式技术创新组合匹配对企业绩效具有抑制作用；②效率型、新颖型服务商业模式创新，利用式、探索式技术创新均能显著提升企业网络中心性和企业绩效；③网络中心性在服务商业模式创新对企业绩效的影响中发挥完全中介作用。     

企业突破性技术创新的技术轨道与市场轨道分析

随着经济不断发展、产品生命周期不断缩短、技术创新速度不断加快,打破原来创新轨道的突破性技术创新研究备受关注。企业不仅要判断好当前的技术范式的生命周期阶段,而且要辨析、预测未来的主导技术范式,而且企业应该正确地进行突破性技术创新的时机预测和把握;企业突破性技术创新产品需要努力地寻求低端市场的突破口进而向高端市场慢慢接近并逐渐取得市场的主导地位,同时企业突破性技术和产品需要挖掘潜在的用户市场并培养他们成为主流用户,使企业获得更多的利润,提升企业竞争力。     

网络能力、主动组织遗忘与前摄式商业模式创新

基于社会网络和组织行为理论,以高新技术企业高管为调查对象,实证分析了企业网络能力与前摄式商业模式创新的关系,以及主动组织遗忘的中介作用与环境动态性的调节作用。结果发现：①网络关系管理能力和网络配置能力都对前摄式商业模式创新具有显著正向作用;②主动组织遗忘在网络关系管理能力与前摄式商业模式创新间具有完全中介作用,而在网络配置能力与前摄式商业模式创新中具有部分中介作用;③环境动态性正向调节网络关系管理能力与前摄式商业模式创新的关系,而在网络配置能力与前摄式商业模式创新间不存在调节作用。     

Sociotechnical regimes,technological innovation and corporate sustainability: from principles to action

Increased environmental and social responsibility awareness, while producing unique opportunities for sustainability-oriented innovations, has generated important challenges for companies. The path to sustainability requires corporate strategies that guarantee profitability, managing simultaneously environmental and social responsibilities. An attempt is made to provide an understanding of sustainable development thinking in business, discussing how the combination of the transition management, adaptive planning and sociotechnical approaches can contribute towards an effective implementation of sustainability-oriented innovations in business context. The article proposes a conceptual model, which incorporates this contribution, developed through a four-year action-research project carried out within a large Brazilian energy company – Petrobras. The authors argue that the adoption of the proposed model by other large firms operating in different societal sectors might trigger organisational changes related to current corporate practices of technological innovation management.     

A Schumpeterian model of endogenous innovation and growth

A disequilibrium model of endogenous innovation and growth is presented. The behaviour of the agents is supposed to be governed by routines, not by maximization. The entrepreneurs are assumed to invest a fraction of their operating profits in real capital accumulation, and another fraction in R&D. The latter leads to an increase in labour productivity via a R&D production function. In this Schumpeterian model, not only the R&D processes of innovations are considered, but the diffusion processes as well. As in Schumpeter's theory of economic development the economic impact of technical change is considered a disequilibrium phenomenon. Thus, in a capitalist economy characterized by ongoing diffusion processes of innovations, time averages are more important than steady state values even in a long run perspective.     

The evolution of IT innovations in Swedish organizations: a Darwinian critique of ‘Lamarckian’ institutional economics

Fundamental correspondence and analogies between the evolution of technological and biological innovations call for an ‘innovation Darwinian’, ‘universal Darwinian’ or ‘memetic’ approach to understanding technology innovation. Neo-institutional, in fact pseudo-Lamarckian evolutionary economic theory, represented by North, Nelson and Winter, Freeman and others, is criticized. Pseudo-Lamarckian (“by volition”) evolution is explained and analyzed on Darwinian grounds (as intentional and artificial selection), as is Schumpeter’s definitions of creative and imitative innovation. Data from a web survey among Swedish public and private organizations in 1999 are studied. Data show that Darwinian co-evolutionary interaction between producers and users or clients provide essential conditions and stronger influence on creative IT innovations than both ‘Lamarckian’ strategies and competition.

Technological innovation and diffusion of wind power in Japan

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the diffusion of wind power in Japan by focusing on the value chain and the interaction between technology and markets and to contribute towards recommendations on technology policy and management. This paper proposes a framework for analyzing the early stage diffusion of wind power systems by combining the use of several approaches considering wind power system as a complex technological system. Firstly, the business system approach is used as an analytical framework by focusing on efficiency, effectiveness and development criteria. As a second approach, the technological trajectory was analyzed based on the concept of technological disequilibrium and the evolutionary patterns of innovation of wind power generation systems were analyzed and the relationship between innovations at the sub-system, modular, and system level was identified. We apply the framework to investigate why wind power diffusion has not picked up momentum in Japan.The results include the following: (1) Technological imbalances within the product system were solved by technological innovation (2) The wind power business in Japan is insufficiently effective due to organizational disequilibrium (3) The technology system has begun to evolve in the direction of micro grid systems. (4) It is important to consider the demand-pull measures for wind power generation so that Japanese institution can have a “time slot” for ”learning by doing” to catch up and accelerate diffusion of wind power generation, including institutional reform of RPS law. Also further technological development related to stabilizing unstable wind energy is required.     

The rational regulator's pricing response to enhanced opportunities to “bypass” the public telephone network

Various technological innovations make it profitable—given regulated service prices—for large business customers of local telephone companies to invest in private equipment and reduce their reliance on the public telephone network. Such bypass possibilities reduce demands and increase demand elasticities for regulated business services. The politics of state telephone regulation motivate two specifications of regulatory objectives—specifications designed to reveal positive implications of bypass for regulated prices. One views the regulator as practicing so-called residual pricing, and a generalization assumes that the regulator balances the interests of competing pressure groups. Implications for interpretation of political rhetoric and for future modeling are discussed.     

国有企业上游垄断对地区创新能力的影响——营商环境的调节作用

上游垄断-下游竞争的产业链格局对地区创新能力具有显著影响。采用2008-2017年省际面板数据，基于产业链视角，实证分析国有企业上游垄断对地区创新能力的影响，探究营商环境在该过程中的调节作用。研究表明，国有企业上游垄断会抑制地区创新能力，通过提升营商环境中的市场化能力，促进非国有经济发展以及要素市场发育可以缓解这种抑制作用；进一步研究发现，地区、劳动力配置以及行政垄断程度对上述影响具有异质性。