人民币汇率变动与我国出口商品结构互动关系研究

随着1994年汇率制度改革以来,人民币实际有效汇率升值对我国商品出口的影响逐渐显现,分析汇率波动与我国出口商品结构关系具有重要的现实意义。本文在人民币汇率波动情况下,分析人民币实际有效汇率波动对我国出口商品结构的影响,提出了在人民币实际有效汇率升值趋势下,转变出口商品结构的政策建议。     

人民币升值对我国出口商品结构的影响

以1994年至2010年人民币的实际有效汇率（REER）和基于SITC标准分类的我国出口商品结构数据为基础,做相关性分析,证明人民币升值的确与我国出口商品结构的变迁具有较强的相关性,并且与细分的不同类型商品的相关程度也各有不同：与初级产品和劳动密集型产品为负相关,与工业制成品和劳动密集型产品为正相关,与资本密集型产品的相关程度要高于劳动密集型产品。从价格和要素禀赋两个角度对影响机制的分析在理论上说明人民币升值如何影响我国的出口商品结构。     

人民币实际汇率升值与中国出口商品结构调整

本文讨论了由于各类贸易产品不同的投入结构导致汇率变动对出口商品结构的影响。本文分别核算了人民币实际汇率对劳动密集型产品和资本密集型产品出口额的弹性,从直观上显示人民币实际汇率升值对劳动密集型产品出口的影响大于资本密集型产品,从而有利于中国商品结构升级。本文对人民币实际汇率和中国出口商品结构进行了协整检验以及因果检验,结论表明,人民币汇率升值将有利于中国出口商品结构优化升级,而中国出口商品结构升级反过来对人民币汇率升值的促进作用不明显。     

实际有效汇率波动对上海出口商品结构的影响

文章先构建了分析实际有效汇率波动对出口商品结构影响的计量模型,然后以上海的月度数据为例,采用边限检验方法判别变量间的长期协整关系。并采用ARDL和ECM模型分析了2002--2008年期间人民币实际有效汇率波动对上海出口商品结构的长期和短期影响。结果显示无论从长期还是从短期来看,实际有效汇率的波动都会减少劳动密集型、资源密集型、资本密集型和技术密集型商品出口,但四类商品受影响程度不同,并且技术密集型商品出口方程的误差修正项系数较大,表明其出口受到冲击以后,向均衡回复的速度较快。     

人民币实际有效汇率变动对我国贸易结构的影响

改革开放后我国贸易结构的不断升级换代与人民币实际有效汇率先贬后升的变化过程在时间上非常吻合。通过分析得到,我国贸易结构的优化在很大程度上得益于人民币实际有效汇率的变动。     

人民币实际有效汇率若干影响因素的实证分析

本文采用协整研究和冲击分解的计量经济学方法,就货币供应量、实际利率和外汇储备对人民币实际有效汇率长期走势影响进行实证分析。检验结果表明,从长期看,上述因素与人民币实际有效汇率之间存在着稳定的均衡关系,且均对人民币实际有效汇率产生一定的影响。总体上看,货币供应量、实际利率和外汇储备对人民币实际有效汇率的影响并不是十分明显,要使人民币实际有效汇率真正反映我国的均衡汇率水平,需要从货币政策多方面的协调管理着手。     

实际有效汇率对江苏省出口贸易的影响研究

文章引用了1994—2007年的相关数据，考察了在资本和技术要素不存在严重制约的条件下，人民币实际有效汇率和实际经济变量与江苏省出口贸易之间的关系。研究表明，人民币实际有效汇率与江苏省的出口贸易额呈正相关关系，相关系数为0．66．同时也受世界需求水平的较大影响。故江苏省在人民币实际有效汇率升值预期的情况下，应当充分利用当前自身在资金、技术、人才等方面的优势，不断提高产品的出口竞争力．通过调整出口商品结构，进而获得更多的比较利益。     

基于结构突变的人民币均衡实际汇率研究

经济转轨过程中，汇率体制改革和政策调整会使人民币汇率的数据生成过程发生结构突变。本文运用基于结构突变的协整方法，建立了人民币均衡实际汇率（ERER）模型。实证结果显示，在考虑结构突变的情况下，多数基本经济要素变量与人民币实际有效汇率存在显著的长期均衡关系，人民币汇率在2002年以后的确存在一定程度的低估。     

人民币实际有效汇率波动对中国进出口贸易的影响

汇率是实现经济内外均衡的调控工具,研究其对进出口贸易的影响对制定宏观经济政策有重要指导意义。本文运用AR-GARCH模型和协整理论,分析了人民币实际有效汇率波动对我国进出口贸易的影响作用。结果表明,长期内人民币实际有效汇率波动与我国进出口之间存在协整关系,但短期内影响作用不显著。     

中俄双边贸易中人民币结算影响因素分析

中俄经贸关系越来越在世界经济体系中占据主要地位,2014年卢布大幅贬值,许多对俄企业遭受了不同程度的汇率损失,出于风险规避的考虑,跨境人民币结算成为了减少汇率风险的有效手段。文章选取从2012年1月到2017年12月的月度数据,运用Eviews7.2软件构建VAR模型分析跨境贸易人民币结算发展水平、人民币汇率的波动幅度、出口商品结构、离岸人民币市场发展和通货膨胀程度对双边贸易中人民币结算的影响。为中俄两国跨境人民币结算业务和经贸合作的升级提出一些建议。     

FDI部门流向、Mazumdar假说与经济增长:基于中国数据的实证分析

根据Mazumdar（1996）的观点,贸易增长机制的发生取决于一国的贸易结构：进口资本品出口消费品将降低资本品价格和折旧率,从而加速资本积累并促进经济增长。围绕这一问题,本文认为．Mazumdar的贸易增长机制能否发挥作用依赖于一国所吸引的FDI的部门流向,FDI流向资本品生产,将减少资本品进口和降低资本品价格并改善一国贸易条件,这时折旧率的降低在更大程度上促进经济增长。Mazumdar假说才得以成立;FDI流向消费品生产,将强化消费品出口并相对恶化一国贸易条件。从而抵消了资本品价格的下降带来的好处。运用中国数据和VAR模型检验。结果显示：中国的贸易结构符合Mazumdar的观点。却没有对经济增长产生显著影响。原因之一在于FDI主要流向劳动密集型消费品生产和加工贸易型机电产品生产,使得FDI所带来的贸易条件相对恶化效应大于资本品价格下降效应。     

Vertical trade and China's export dynamics

This paper examines how China's exports are affected by exchange rate shocks from countries that supply intermediate inputs to China. We build a simple small open economy model with intermediate goods trade to show that due to the intra-regional trade in intermediate goods, a devaluation of other Asian currencies does not necessarily hurt China's exports, as imported intermediate goods could become cheaper. The effect of intermediate goods costs depends critically on the share of intermediate goods used in China's export goods production and the degree of exchange rate pass-through in imported intermediate goods prices. If prices for intermediate goods are not very sticky, the effect through this channel could be large, and China's exports could even benefit. We find that these findings do not depend on China's choice of currency invoicing between the RMB and the US dollar or the choice between fixed and flexible exchange rate regimes.     

人民币汇率升值对中国货物贸易的影响及对策建议

自2005年7月21日起,我国开始实行有管理的浮动汇率制度,并且小幅升值2%。人民币汇率升值对中国各行各业已产生深远的影响。本文首先分析了人民币弹性浮动汇率机制的形成,然后分别从进出口商品结构、货物贸易方式结构、对外贸易主体结构和对外贸分布结构四方面深入分析人民币汇率升值对我国货物贸易的影响,最后提出对策,以缓解人民币升值所带来的负面影响。     

PPP: <Emphasis Type="Italic">Delusion</Emphasis> or <Emphasis Type="Italic">Reality</Emphasis>? Evidence from a Nonlinear Analysis

In this paper we analyze the validity of the purchasing power parity (PPP) in a nonlinear framework using data for 18 bilateral US dollar exchange rates. Following Enders and Ludlow (2002), we use unit root and cointegration tests that do not assume a specific nonlinear adjustment. We find evidence of non-linear mean reversion in deviations from the PPP equilibrium in 11 out of 18 currencies. Additionally, to disentangle the respective contribution of exchange rate and prices to the adjustment toward the long run equilibrium, we estimate a Vector Error Correction Model. According to our empirical analysis, there exists a nonlinear mechanism to correct for deviation from the PPP equilibrium that comes mainly from the exchange rates. This is consistent with theoretical arguments on international goods markets under transaction costs as well as with an emerging strand of empirical literature. These results highlight the importance of neglecting the possibility of nonlinearity in the debate about the PPP and provide empirical evidence that supports the scenario of the PPP hypothesis as a reality.     

东亚经济体的汇率稳定与出口结构因素

本文从理论视角描述了汇率对出口价格传递机制:在进口的投入品比例高时,或出口产品与外国产品相似、竞争激烈时,出口变化对汇率的变动不敏感。而东亚地区出口结构符合这一特性。对于不可避免地增加汇率弹性的中国,也只有使出口结构高级化,才是人民币升值坚实的基础。     

中间品进口多样化、企业创新与工资水平

基于2000-2006年中国制造业企业数据库以及进出口海关数据库的匹配数据引入企业创新机制效应检验中间品进口多样化的工资溢出效应。研究表明中间品进口多样化、企业创新均能显著提高企业的工资水平。进一步考察企业的出口状态、所有制结构及企业所属地区差异后发现中间品进口多样化对出口企业、外资企业以及东部地区企业的工资影响更为显著。分位数回归结果进一步显示中间品进口多样化及企业创新对工资分布高分位企业的工资影响更为显著。基于中介效应模型的传导机制检验，认为中间品进口多样化通过节约成本、提升生产率及企业创新影响中国制造业企业工资水平的利润共享机制存在。在控制成本效应及生产率效应两种机制之后，企业创新成为中间品进口多样化作用于企业工资的新机制。     

International parity relationships between the USA and Japan

Based on multivariate cointegration analysis we show that key parity conditions between the USA and Japan do not hold as stationary relations and that this is related to the nonstationarity of the real exchange rate. The latter seems almost exclusively to be related to similar nonstationary movements in interest rates. We obtain strong empirical results suggesting a reversal of the standard linkages, as predicted by the term structure of interest rates and the Fisher condition, between short and long interest rates and interest rates and inflation. Our findings may be important for the conduct of monetary policy, which is usually thought to be transmitted through short-term interest rates. Altogether, the empirical results suggest that it is agents’ behavior in the foreign exchange market, rather than in the goods market, which is crucial for the determination of the exchange rate.     

Asymmetric effects of the exchange rate on domestic corporate goods prices

This paper empirically examines whether there are asymmetric effects of the exchange rate on domestic corporate goods prices when the exchange rate is more volatile. To identify different volatilities in the exchange rate, we employ a threshold regression model. In other words, we define exchange rate volatility as a threshold variable. By using monthly data from Japan, we estimate a threshold parameter and calculate its confidence interval by following Hansen (2000). The results substantiate that the degree of exchange rate pass-through to the aggregated corporate goods price index is higher and more gradually adjusted in a higher exchange rate volatility regime. Furthermore, such asymmetric relationships are clearly found in three disaggregated corporate goods prices: petroleum and coal products, nonferrous metals, and chemicals and related products.     

比较优势、贸易结构与资本积累：对Mazumdar假说适用性的检验及其扩展

Mazumdar（1996）的研究认为：当一国为资本品净进口国和消费品净出口国时,资本品的进口将导致资本品价格的下降进而引致折旧率的下降,结合Solow增长模型,折旧率的下降将促使一国投资率的上升并引致资本积累。本文运用中国数据对这一假说检验后认为：该理论只适用于小国贸易模式,对于诸如中国这样的贸易大国,比较优势决定下的贸易结构完全符合Mazumdar条件,但资本品进口和消费品出口并没有对中国资本积累起到促进作用,根本原因在于这样的贸易结构往往提高了资本品一消费品的相对甚至绝对价格,并最终恶化了中国的贸易条件,使得贸易收益并不明显。本文围绕这些这些问题进行了一定层次的论证。     

Export and Strategic Currency Hedging

This paper examines an international Cournot duopoly wherein a home firm and a foreign firm compete in the home market under exchange rate uncertainty. The foreign exporting firm, being risk averse, has incentives to hedge its exchange rate risk exposure. In a two-stage setting, we show that hedging via an unbiased currency futures market acts as a strategic device. In particular, under either constant or decreasing absolute risk aversion, an increase in the hedging volume of the foreign firm promotes its exports and deters the home firm’s output. In contrast to the well-known full-hedging result in a perfectly competitive environment, we find that the foreign firm over-hedges for strategic reasons. Furthermore, the separation result from the hedging literature under perfect competition no longer holds in our duopoly framework, i.e., equilibrium output levels depend on the risk attitude of the foreign firm as well as the probability distribution of the spot exchange rate.