Female headship,feminization of poverty and welfare

Female-headed households are at greater risk of slipping into poverty than male-headed households. Indeed, sex and marital status of the head of household are the most important determinants of a family's poverty status in the US. Divorce, separation, death of a husband, and out-of-wedlock births can lead to female headship. Transfer payments, especially the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program, are blamed for contributing to increased marital instability and out-of-wedlock births. The authors examined the role of welfare benefits in influencing female headship. Preliminary results using standard estimation procedures indicate that transfers do not significantly influence female headship. Standard estimation procedures are, however, erroneous because they ignore differences in propensities to establish mother-only households. Therefore, adjusting for differences in propensities to establish female-headed households, the level of welfare benefits is indeed an important factor in explaining the variation in the changes in the birth rates to unmarried women. The use of a weighted measure suggests that welfare benefits, by increasing female headship of women who otherwise have low propensities to be female heads, have played a significant role in the feminization of poverty.     

Racial differences in intersegment mobility

This article is an exploration of racial differences in the intersegment mobility process in a segmented labor market. To this end, a series of qualitative response models describing mobility of prime-age white and nonwhite males through a tripartite segmented labor market is constructed. It is found that demand variables representing labor market conditions, as well as traditional human capital variables are important predictors of intersegment mobility. It is also evident that there are striking racial differences in intersegment mobility patterns. This paper was written with financial support from the Marriner S. Eccles Grant for research in political economy. Also, partial support was received from First Interstate Bank.     

Racial differences in the hurdling of prenatal care barriers

The success of black or white mothers in obtaining adequate prenatal care is examined. Two departures from public health convention are employed. The independent variables' marginal effects are calculated from their logit coefficients. The odds ratio of care adequacy between races is derived from race-specific regressions. It yields a smaller variance and type II decision error likelihood compared to the race dummy method. A working-class life outlook and apathetic fathers are the highest barriers to adequate care. Wantedness, in the form of desired timing, is a very strong motivator. Improving upward socioeconomic mobility and paternal attitudes are important aspects of increasing prenatal care adequacy rates.     

Racial differences in unemployment: A spatial perspective

Conclusions It has been demonstrated that racial differences in unemployment in the nation’s largest metropolitan areas are widespread. The differences tend to vary, however, by region with the greatest difference occurring in the metropolitan areas of the North-Central region and the least difference occurring in the metropolitan areas in the West.     

Racial differences in consumer expenditure patterns, 1972–73

Summary and Conclusion In this paper, we have endeavored to analyze black-non-black differences in expenditure patterns as revealed by the 1972–73 BLS Consumer Expenditure Interview Survey Summary. Specific data shortcomings have been noted above. In addition, however, possible black-non-black differences in the propensity to misreport or withhold information may have affected the reliability of our findings. With these limitations in mind, the evidence of the survey data points to a main conclusion, namely, that although the “average” black consumer unit tended to spend a larger proportion of its after-tax income than the “average” non-black unit-just as the well-known stereotype implies-the statistical model underlying our analysis suggests that black consumer units with the same “characteristics” (after-tax income, family size, regional location, as well as the same age, education, and retired-nonretired status of family head) as the average non-black units tended to spend a smaller-not larger-proportion of their income than did the “comparable” non-black units. In addition, the model suggests that if Blacks maintained their own average characteristics but had the same “consumer behavior” as non-blacks, their APSp would rise substantially.     

Racial differences in the unemployment response to structural changes in local labor markets

This analysis uses establishment-level data on job creation and destruction to examine the unemployment rate responses of black, Hispanic and white workers to shifts in demand across firms and industries during the period 1980–84. Black unemployment rates are significantly more responsive to differences in aggregate demand growth and wage flexibility than are white and Hispanic unemployment rates, and they are also more severely impacted by structural changes in labor demand than are white and Hispanic unemployment rates. Additional research using the measures and focus of the present analysis that cover other time periods can assist in developing a clearer picture of the contemporary dynamics of urban labor markets and can provide guidance for public policy.     

Income differences and poverty: Problems facing Russia and the international experience of dealing with them

The topicality of income difference and poverty issues has greatly increased in post-Soviet Russia. Solutions to these problems are considered key goals of the country’s socioeconomic development. Factors behind the current situation are identified to develop specific measures for reducing the existing income differences and poverty level. The foreign experience in solving this problem is analyzed.     

贫困地区教育扶贫的多元合作机制研究

治贫先治愚、扶贫先扶教。教育扶贫,是扶贫助困,治贫治愚的根本之策,是我国整个扶贫教育的一个重要方面。经历了几十年的发展,我国教育扶贫相关研究取得了显著的成果,本文总结了近年来扶贫理论的发展,针对贫困地区教育扶贫的多元合作机制的不足,提出了针对性建议和对策。     

Racial differences in married female labor force participation behavior: An analysis using interracial marriages

Based on data from the 1980 census, three major findings emerge from this study. First, the labor force participation rate is higher for women in black-white interracial marriages than women in endogamous marriages. Second, the labor force participation rate of wives in interracial marriages, after adjusting for differences in observed personal characteristics, is approximately halfway between that of women in white homogeneous and black homogeneous marriages. Third, interracial marriages are more likely among women who are younger, Hispanic, foreign-born, more educated, previously married, and reside in the West.     

Failures in the strategy against poverty

Despite the considerable work done by international and national agencies in transferring technical skills and resources to ldcs, inequality of wealth and income has increased. The author discusses the causes of dissatisfaction where expectations have been raised and of disillusion where steady progress or development has not been achieved. The author's suggestions as to the economic and political reasons for this disappointment and the changes in strategy which are now required are put forth in this article.     

农村多维贫困的网格化管理和精准扶贫模式

农村贫困是一个多维度、主观和客观因素交互影响的结果,致贫因素的结构是减贫的关键,农村减贫的关键在于针对不同类型家庭的致贫因素采取差异化的扶贫措施,其中的关键在于贫困户和贫困成因的双重瞄准机制上。文章设计一种网格化管理的精准扶贫模式,将贫困农户按照致贫因素和地理分布,建构贫困分布网络,实施网络化管理,并利用网络化的动态管理,针对属于不同贫困网格的贫困户实施精准扶贫机制,提高精准扶贫效率,降低扶贫成本。     

Vulnerability to poverty in China: a subjective poverty line approach

Wide arrays of econometric techniques have been proposed to assess vulnerability to poverty. All such measures attempt to determine the probability to fall (or remain) into poverty given households’ characteristics. We have used cross-section data from the Chinese Household Income Project Series and subjective poverty lines to shed light on the sources of uncertainty in China. The lack of a comprehensive pension system and distance from the markets raise vulnerability in rural areas, whereas the hukou registration system has generated a growing mass of exploited and unprotected migrants in urban areas.     

Racial disparity in the atlanta housing market

Atlanta has the reputation of being a city of opportunity for blacks. However, in Atlanta, as well as in other cities across the nation, the nexus of racism and economic discrimination has resulted in disparities between the housing status of blacks and whites. This article examines racial disparities in the Atlanta housing market. It begins by tracing recent trends in the Atlanta-area economy and by providing background information on the local housing market. It then discusses the roles of the federal Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975 and Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 in the efforts of local groups to reduce racial disparities in the housing market. The final section discusses recent local developments that might lead to improvements in the housing status of black Atlantans.     

Patterns of poverty in South Africa

This article brings together results from two large household surveys ‐ the October Household Survey and the Income and Expenditure Survey of 1995. The analysis adopts a simple definition of income poverty which allows comparisons between households in ten deciles defined on the basis of per capita household income. The analysis compares access to resources such as housing and land, and access to basic services across these households. It then examines the economic status of women and men living in households with different incomes. The article shows consistent correlation of per capita income with other examined variables. It illustrates further how women within each decile are disad‐vantagedcomparedwith men in terms of economic status and earning.     

经济全球化与发展中国家的贫困化

经济全球化的本质属性包括两方面的内容，它是社会生产力发展的必然结果和客观要求，又是资本主义生产关系在全球扩展的产物。因而，发展中国家必须参与经济全球化，而参与经济全球化必然导致发展中国家进一步贫困化。     

Population,employment and poverty in the Philippines

This paper briefly describes a medium- to long-term dynamic simulation model of economic-demographic interrelationships in a developing country that was developed by researchers in the International Labour Office. The model, applied to the Philippines, is illustrated by providing some examples of the effects of policy changes (e.g. migration policies, nationalization, public works, education policies, etc.), in the model on population growth, poverty, employment, and other aspects of Philippine development. The central thesis of the work is that economic-demographic inter-relationships are complex, and must therefore be modelled in some detail before meaningful statements on the effects of demographic change on economic development can be made.     

Combating poverty in South Africa

The successful and peaceful political transition in South Africa is regarded as a great accomplishment for its people. Unfortunately, democracy was not accompanied by economic growth and policies that could lead to a meaningful quality of life and an acceptable standard of living for all the country's citizens. There is a need for South Africa to reconcile the expectations resulting from the achievement of democracy with the realities of both the problems and the potential of the economy. As South Africa attempts to alleviate poverty through development, it is essential to balance the ever-increasing and often competing demands against limited natural resources. This article formulates some policies and programmes designed to combat poverty at its source.     

农民贫困问题探源

本文针对农民贫困问题,结合十六大报告提出全面建设小康社会的目标,第一次比较系统地提出了农村贫困包括物质贫困、精神贫困和政治贫困的新观点。